The Aztec Account of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico

The Aztec Account of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico Miguel Leon-Portilla's book â€Å"The Broken Spears† Introduction Other resources: †¢Aztec Life †¢Mexica Culture †¢Mexica Medicine †¢Religion of the Modern Aztlan Movement †¢Religion of the Mexica ; Bibliography †¢Major Deitites of the Mexica †¢Minor Deitites of the Mexica †¢Aztec Cannibalism: An Ecological Necessity? Path of the Conquest On November 8, 1519, the Spanish conquistadors first entered the great city of Mexico, the metropolis the Aztecs had built on a lake island.Don Hernando Cortes, who was accompanied by six hundred Spaniards and a great many native allies, at last could see for himself the temples and palaces about which he had heard so many marvels. The Spaniards arrived from the direction of Tlalpan, to the south of the city, passing across one of the wide causeways that connected the island with the mainland. When they reached a locality known as Xoloco, they were wel comed by the last of the Motecuhzomas, who had come out to meet them in the belief that the white men must be Quetzalcoatll and other gods, returning at last from across the waters now known as the Gulf of Mexico.Thus Cortes and his men entered the city, not only as guests, but also as gods coming home. It was the first direct encounter between one of the most extraordinary pre-Columbian cultures and the strangers who would eventually destroy it. Cortes landed on the coast at Veracruz on Good Friday, April 22, 1519; the Aztec capital surrendered to him on August 13, 1521. The events that took place between these two dates have been recounted in a number of chronicles and other writings, of which the best known are the letters Cortes wrote to King Charles V and the True History of the Conquest of Mexico by Bernal Diaz del Castillo.These two works, along with a few others also written by Spaniards, until now have been almost the only basis on which historians have judged the conquest of one of the greatest civilizations in pre-Columbian America. But these chronicles present only one side of the story, that of the conquerors. For some reason-scorn, perhaps-historians have failed to consider that the conquered might have set down their own version in their own language. This book is the fir

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Essay

In this paper I will be diving in to the history of Habeas Corpus and how it has evolved over the years. I will briefly explain the origination of the habeas corpus, the role it plays in U. S. A and what current action is being taken about it. I will be also looking in to the Bush administration and the way they dealt with habeas corpus. The original purpose of habeas corpus â€Å"was to bring people into court rather than out of imprisonment† and by the year 1230, the writ’s utility for that purpose was a well-known aspect of English common law. Known as â€Å"the Great Writ,† its codification into English law came by way of Parliament in the Habeas Corpus Act of 1641, created in response to the King of England’s actions during what is now referred to as Darnell’s Case. In Darnell, five English noblemen were thrown â€Å"into the castle’s dungeon deep† for failure to support their country’s dual wars against France and Spain. The men filed suit, requesting the King provide an explanation as to their imprisonment. King Charles refused, on review; the court upheld the monarchy’s steadfast silence, stating that the law did not require the King to provide any justification for their detention. The public outcry against this decision was deafening, prompting Parliamentary action the following year. Parliament expanded habeas rights several years later with the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, additionally requiring â€Å"charges to be brought within a specific time period for anyone detained for criminal acts. † By 1765, habeas corpus was firmly imbedded within the foundation of English law, as noted by William Blackstone, who described the Great Writ as â€Å"a second magna carta, a stable bulwark of our liberties. This fundamental English right successfully traversed the Atlantic Ocean when our founders incorporated the doctrine of habeas corpus into the U. S. Constitution. As stated, â€Å"The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. Known as the â€Å"Suspension Clause,† this provision specifically places the ability to suspend habeas corpus in the hands of Congress only during times of rebellion or invasion. Despite the clarity of the clause, the American debate on habeas corpus only begins at this point. The ‘Great Writ’ of habeas corpus has long had an iconic status as the ‘writ of liberty’ which ensured that no person could be detained in prison without being put to trial by a jury of his peers. According to the traditional version, popularized by Whiggish constitutional writers from the late seventeenth century onwards, the English constitution as embodied in the common law had, since time immemorial, striven to protect the fundamental rights of Englishmen and women, which included the right to personal liberty obban, M. & Halliday, P. D. (2011). Habeas Corpus is an ancient common law prerogative writ – a legal procedure to which you have an undeniable right. It is an extraordinary remedy at law. Upon proper application, or even on naked knowledge alone, a court is empowered, and is duty bound, to issue the Extraordinary Writ of Habeas Corpus commanding one who is restraining liberty to forthwith produce before the court the person who is in custody and to show because why the liberty of that person is being restrained. Absent a sufficient showing for a proper restraint of liberty, the court is duty bound to order the restraint eliminated and the person discharged. Habeas Corpus is fundamental to American and all other English common law derivative systems of jurisprudence. It is the ultimate lawful and peaceable remedy for adjudicating the providence of liberty’s restraint. Robertson. J, (2002). After the attacks of 11 September 2001, came the war in Afghanistan followed by the war in Iraq: a two-pronged engagement collectively known as the Global War on Terror As U. S. rmed forces captured enemy combatants by the M35 truckload, the Bush administration pondered how to systematically detain such persons in a manner that would provide adequate detention while maintaining intelligence-gathering capabilities vital to the war efforts. The answer was found on the island of Cuba: Guantanamo Bay. U. S. naval forces have occupied this site since 1903, and it seemed to provide the perfect solution. Relying on the Court’s previous precedent in Johnson v. Eisentrager, govemment officials believed that keeping enemy combatants outside the realm of U.  S. territory would preclude such individual’s filing, among other things, claims for habeas corpus review. The govemment’s legal position was tested almost as quickly as the detainees arrived. Beginning in 2002, the United States transported captured enemy combatants to the area of Guantanamo Bay known as â€Å"Camp X-Ray. Applications for writs of habeas corpus by Guantanamo detainees were made as early as February 2002. In Coalition of Clergy v. Bush, the U. S. District Court for the Central District of California first approached this issue in line with govemment expectations. Relying on Johnson v. Eisentrager, the court held that several U. S. citizens under the â€Å"Coalition of Clergy, Lawyers, and Professors† who had filed â€Å"show cause† petitions on behalf of enemy combatants held at Guantanamo Bay lacked â€Å"standing to assert claims on behalf of the detainees. † The court further concluded that, â€Å"even if petitioners did have standing, this court lacked jurisdiction to entertain those claims. Moreover, the court found that no federal court would have jurisdiction over petitioners’ claims, so there is no basis to transfer this matter to another federal district court. Because Guantanamo Bay remained outside U. S. sovereignty, the case closely mirrored that of Eisentrager As a result, the United States failed to maintain jurisdiction and the court dismissed the petition. In response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force which grants the President power â€Å"‘to use all necessary and appropriate force'† against all who either participated in any way in those attacks or gave refuge to those who participated. Under this authority, the Department of Defense ordered several â€Å"enemy combatants† to be transferred to Guantanamo Bay for detention. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, a plurality of the Court recognized that the ability to detain individuals engaged in armed conflict against the United States was â€Å"so fundamental and accepted an incident to war as to be an exercise of the ‘necessary and appropriate force’ Congress has authorized the President to use. Notwithstanding this explicit sanction of detention, the Court held that the â€Å"citizen-detainee seeking to challenge his classification as an enemy combatant must receive notice of the factual basis for his classification, and a fair opportunity to rebut the Government’s factual assertions before a neutral decision maker. † The Court suggested that this could be done â€Å"by an appropriately authorized and properly constituted military tribunal. † Pond, B. C. (2009). The rationale for the U. S. detention policy derives from the Bush administration’s comprehensive military order issued on November 13, 001, which is intended to govern the â€Å"Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War against Terrorism. † Purportedly modeled after a proclamation and military order issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II, President Bush’s military order limits the use of military commissions to any non-citizen for whom the president determines: is or was a member of al Qaeda, has committed, aided or abetted, or conspired to commit terrorist acts, or has knowingly harbored one or more of these individuals. Several months after the issuance of this military order, the administration began using the term â€Å"enemy combatant† to describe those subject to detention and trial by military commission. The administration’s definition of enemy combatant, however, has varied over time. The administration sometimes uses the â€Å"enemy combatant† label as a term of art to describe a new and unique category of combatant in the post 9/11 world. On other occasions, the administration uses the term generically to describe what traditionally has been called lawful and unlawful combatants, while at other times the term is used synonymously with unlawful combatants. According to this definition, the term â€Å"enemy combatant† is not limited to war combatants alone, but includes anyone who has aided terrorist organizations fighting against the United States, including those who may have unwittingly given financial support to al Qaeda. The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a slightly different definition of â€Å"enemy combatant† on March 23, 2005. According to Joint Publication 3-63, entitled â€Å"Joint Doctrine for Detainee Operations,† the term enemy combatant describes â€Å"a new category of detainee† and â€Å"includes, but is not necessarily limited to, a member or agent of Al Qaeda, Taliban, or another international terrorist organization against which [the] United States is engaged in an armed conflict. † Staab, J. B. (2008). Conclusion The premise behind habeas corpus as stated is to bring people into court rather than out of imprisonment. However in my opinion, during the Bush administration, they found a way around this law so as to not have to give a trial. While I want justice like the next person, I would not like to be in a situation where I am being held under the pretence that I a criminal without evidence or a trial. I am not saying that the people held were/are innocent, but I can’t help but to think we cannot be sure. I think that capturing these people were also done out of revenge and thus not urging anyone to think of their right. The 9/11 attack was gut ranching and frankly something I never want to experience again, so I do understand the need to talk less and carry a big stick. From an honest stand point, after 9/11 I was scared to do anything, while I am of no Middle Eastern decent, I look like an Indian person from India, that meant no one ask you where you are from when they look at you suspiciously. Even with all the rights I have in the U. S. A if I was suspected of being suspicious and someone higher and more powerful said that I had dealing with terrorists activities, no one will honestly believe me because of the way I look. Bring me to my point that without a trial we cannot tell for sure of the people being held in Cuba was innocent or guilty without a trail.

Narrative paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Narrative paper - Essay Example He taught me that life is not easy and one has to discover how to dance in the rain and not just wait for it to pass. I believe that what this means is that one ought not to wait for his difficulties to pass, but instead should know how to handle them. It also means that if one chooses to spend life sitting on the side and wait as life goes by, then he is going to miss on a lot of opportunities. I watched my brother go through a lot of difficulties when he finished his schooling and was looking for employment. He could apply for jobs and not get any feedback. Sometimes he received interview invitations and attended interviews, but the companies never responded. Nevertheless, this did not stop him from trying more chances in the same and even different firms. My brother could rise up in the morning like everybody else who was going to work and leave the house. Sometimes I asked him why he had to wake up that early without any good seeming to come out of it. To me, there was no difference if he left the house at 5:00 am in the morning and if he stayed a little longer to leave at 10.00 am. After all, he was not employed in those companies that he was going to apply for employment. Logically, he would have chosen to stay home and wait for that time that he would be sure that he has an interview to leave the house early. One day he came home excited and narrated to the family how he had obtained himself a job. Everybody was eagerly waiting to hear the kind of job he got. We were overjoyed and happy that finally, his efforts had been rewarded only for him to say that it was an internship that was just offering him transport to the work place. My parents however encouraged him and promised to support him in whichever manner. Following several months of his internship, he was taken in by that company for permanent employment. The company saw his commitment, hard work and perseverance. From my brother’s

Applied Biology personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applied Biology - Personal Statement Example Therefore, pure biology gives us the theoretical approach that will be applied and used in the field through applied biology (Roberts et al., 2000). Living organisms or their derivatives such as enzymes have been used to improve and even manufacture new products. Taq polymerase from Thermophillic bacterium Thermus aquaticus has been used in polymerase chain reactions, in the molecular field of biology. Through biotechnology, yeast in the form of Sacccaromyces cerevisae and S. Carbergensis have been applied in production of alcohol. Similarly, scientists through pure sciences have discovered that use of chemical pesticides is polluting the environment besides causing serious health problems to the consumer. In return, they have discovered that B-toxin that is derived from a bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis kills larvae in plants. Through applied biology, the idea has been applied in the manufacture of biopesticides against larvae in maize hence improving production and conserving the environment (Roberts et al., 2000). Therefore, the two fields co-exist and they can not live without the other. Therefore, students should be exposed to more applied field work rather than pure studies. The knowledge learnt should be applied in solving, improving and modifying of life (Roberts et al., 2000). Therefore, it should be emphasised in the school

Construction Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction Engineering - Assignment Example Whether or not a power plant can be built on a specific location is determine by carrying out technical surveys based on following recommendations. Supply of raw material to the place is convenient .i.e. the construction site is provided by roads to transport goods to that part of the area. Must have ample space to accommodate construction machinery. Must have proper area for dumping mud extracted from the construction site. Quebec is rich in places that are suitable for the construction of power plant. For the construction of such a facility in Quebec, following considerations are followed. Facility must be having environmental conditions that support the construction and running of power plant, e.g. Most of the year temperature should be below freezing point and less prone to tornadoes. Facility must be having suitable area for the construction of such a large project. It is better to choose the facility near geysers; therefore, less fuel will be required. Location selected must be close to the facility, so that less investment is required to lay down the electric cable system and less line losses are build. Before establishing such a huge project, most important thing is to carry out economic analysis. To keep the plant running after start up, its economic analysis must be done before time. Here are few most important aspects of carrying out the analysis. The total investment must not exceed the revenue plant is going to generate in its life span, but it should be less enough to overcome its maintenance charges as well as gives profit to the state. Plant should have least transportation charges of fuel and less cabling should be required to furnish the area with electricity produced. Question 2 What data would be required and how would it be collected/obtained/determined for question 1 above? The data for question 1 can be collected by dividing the whole task in a number of parts. First of all, basic information can be obtained by surveying already working p ower plants in Quebec. It needs thorough survey of all the power plants already working in that area. This survey includes detailed review of the operational complexities faced by already functional power plants, in terms of local environmental conditions and geographical issues. Annual reports generated by all the plants must be viewed thoroughly in order to get the idea how the output from the plant is being affected by the choice of location and other factors. All this is really helpful in getting exact data for the analysis carried out in question 1. Question 3 Part of your mandate is to prepare a manual of ‘Business Ethics’ for the Construction of this project. This manual would affect all engineering staff doing design and all construction contractors performing work on site. What key principles might you include in your manual? To follow Business Ethics or Code of Conduct while performing a task is a key to success as an individual as well as a company. Therefore , carrying out such a big project must also follow some codes of conduct that need to be applied on engineering staff, contractors and labors. Here is the list of most important business ethics that must be followed while carrying out this project(Vee and Skitmore). Construction drawings must not be stolen from any source rather a dedicated drawing for this specific thermal power plant must be produced. All of the construction errors must be reported

Application of Accounting Concepts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application of Accounting Concepts - Case Study Example This concept makes a distinction between receipt of cash and the right to receive cash and payment of cash and the legal obligation to pay cash in relation to the revenue and expenses respectively. The accrual concept is the basis for mercantile system of accounting. While preparing financial accounts all expenses and losses pertaining to the financial period must be listed out. The basic aim of the doctrine of consistency is to preserve the comparability and reliability of financial statements. According to this convention, the rules, practises and concepts used in accounting should be continuously observed and applied year after year. Comparisons of results among different accounting periods can be significant and meaningful only when consistency practises were followed in ascertaining them. Consistency can be of three levels - vertical, horizontal and dimensional. Materiality means 'relative importance'. All important items and facts should be disclosed in accounting statements. Unimportant and immaterial details need not be separately given. Otherwise, the accountant becomes over burdened with unnecessary details.

An Effect of Unemployment to rape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An Effect of Unemployment to rape - Essay Example Alternative Hypothesis: There is a statistically significant relationship between the rates of rape and unemployment Research Design and Sample The aim of this study is to test for a significant relationship between the rate of rape and rate of unemployment. To do this rape and unemployment data from each of the 50 states will be analyzed for the year 2010. Data Collection The independent variable for this study was the unemployment rate. This is a percentage value calculated from the division of the number of unemployed people by the labor force. Someone is considered to be unemployed if they are above 16 years of age who had no employment during the period but was available and desired to work. In contrast an individual is employed if they are over 16 and worked for at least one hour during the reference period. In general the reference period is one week. The labor force is the total number of people considered to be unemployed or employed, For this study statistics on the unemplo yment and employment levels for each of the 50 states were analyzed for the 2010 period. Information was gathered from the Business First database (available at: http://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/datacenter/state-employment-2010.html). The database gave the average number of people employed and unemployed for the year 2010; this was derived from information collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics how were the data collected? be more specific here and as a consequence represented the mean value from 12 months of data. As a consequence, the unemployment rate could be calculated by adding the employment and unemployment levels together (to provide the labor force value) and then dividing the unemployment level by the labor force to give a percentage of the labor force which was unemployed. This value is the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate was determined independently for each of the 50 states. The dependent variable for this study was forcible rape per 100,000 population. For this, the FBI crime statistics from 2010 were used (available at: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl05.xls). These statistics considered many different types of crime including forcible rape in each of the states and included the number of reported incidences of rape as well as the estimated total of rape cases. The estimated total number of rapes was used for this study. Aggravated rape is defined as is the forcible sexual penetration of a woman as well as assault with this intent or attempted but not successful rape. Each incident of either rape or attempted rape was recorded as an offense within the database. Statutory rape was not included in the database and as a consequence was not part of this study. Analysis As there is no experimental manipulation of either variable, cause and effect cannot be directly tested, consequently, the analysis needs to test for correlation. In order to do this, a statistical test for correlation needs to be undertaken. To test whether there is a significant relationship between rape and unemployment rate a Pearson Product-Moment Correlation will be conducted. This test looks for a linear relationship between two variables and can describe a positive relationship, negative relationship or absence of relationship. The Pearson correlation coefficient is known as r and is a measure of how closely the data points are to the line of best fit that is described by the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. A value of below zero indicates a negative correlation between the two variables (in this case rape and unemployment), a value above zero indicates a positive relationship, and a value close to zero indicates an absence of relati

Barbara Kruger's strategic role in post-modern art resurfaces Dissertation

Barbara Kruger's strategic role in post-modern art resurfaces - Dissertation Example The study "Barbara Kruger's strategic role in post-modern art resurfaces " discovers the influence of Barbara Kruger on modern art. Kruger proved to be a powerful force in having challenged the long established conventions, typecasts and traditional practices of society. Through her works she established a strong link between the popular photographs of the 1940s and 1950s by including the public spaces that people are exposed to in their everyday lives. By conceptualizing the conflict and tension latent within theses spaces, Kruger is able to strike an alarming irony through unmasking the violence that disturbs space. The main force for these works revolves around the notion that power, and thus violence, is what propels the splitting of the external to create the internal; space. Kruger argues that space is not an area of freedom but a ‘closed interior’. By shedding light on the external and excluded items submerged underneath what we see in an internal space, Kruger ex poses these never before seen grounds to the public. I believe that Barbara Kruger is most definitely an artist that is worthy of attention; she has inspired a new sphere of, but not confined to, graphic design. Her work is a prime example of ‘Spatial practive’, whereby, she completes a space by exposing it in its entirety, not only its internal elements. This dissertation will tackle in depth the significance of ‘spatial practice’ and ‘site specificity’, and how exactly Barbara Kruger utilizes this in her work to challenge society. It will also discuss the societal impact and influences her pieces have produced. Kruger is often misunderstood, and it not always conceived as narrated in the brief description above. Her role, her purpose and her intention are often contested; some critics comment that she is merely a political agitator. Kruger’s stance in the artistic, political and social worlds will be thoroughly examined. Despite critiq ue, this dissertation will focus on bringing forward the argument that Kruger employs site specificity as a tool for accusation, uncovering conflict ,but not for mass commercialization or for creating acts of violence. Another element that I would focus upon is a critic, David Deitcher who questions that Barbara Kruger is not easily categorized because of her self-constructed identity. ‘Her work has both a place and a strategic role within contemporary artistic discourse’ (Goldstein, A, 2000, p.25). This will be an argument that the dissertation would bring forward how Barbara Kruger’s figure of speech and her presentable artworks effects her ‘strategic role’ and how it brings her practice into external sites and not within a space. At last but not least, this dissertation would analyze the genre feminism in Kruger’s work and how it affected the women by observing her piece of work and what reality brings forward to them. Throughout these chap ters, artworks by Barbara Kruger would be analyzed in depth and how her works have influenced and affected the society and as well how these artworks can resurface the hidden truth of the political society. This will also relate to Jean Baudrillard theories in the context that Barbara Kruger can connect her work to. â€Å"Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality; a hyperreal† (Baudrillad, 2008, p.342). Chapter 1: Site Specificity This chapter delves into the site specificity in Barbara Kruger’s works. Site specificity is defined as ‘artworks take location into account in large scale work’, and the reason for examining this topic is because Kruger has considered the space in her works in attempting to establish relationships

We Real Cool Essay Example for Free

We Real Cool Essay 1) Rhyme Gwendolyn Brooks makes great use of rhyme throughout the poem. She uses words such as cool, school, sin, and gin (Brooks 684-685). These are rhymes that appear at the end of lines. The rhyme scheme used compliments the theme, since it is the directed to a young audience. It is known that Brooks is trying to attract a young crowd because she is talking about young people who are supposed to attend school. The poem has an up tempo beat, almost like a rap. This rap-like sound may also help to appeal young readers. 2) Literary Devices  But as if the rhyming werent enough, Brooks also uses alliteration, the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases, usually a consonant. â€Å"Lurk late. We†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strike straight. We† (684)  Sometimes the rhyming doesnt even stop with the two end words: â€Å"Sing† â€Å"sin† â€Å"thin† â€Å"gin† (685). She also uses dialect, a black dialect. 3) Theme This poem describes the lifestyle of young rebels. They are cool having left school, and die soon. The seven players in the poem were victims of self-destruction. Brooks makes the theme evident to the reader with the use of irony. The first line of the poem reads We real cool (684)and the last line read We die soon (685). So, in other words the pool players were too cool for their own good. Brooks expresses the way she feels about school drop outs in a short, yet forceful poem. 4) We Real Cool is very unique definitely has a powerful message behind it. Gwendolyn Brooks illustrates the essence of troubled teenagers who will eventually suffer the ill-fated possibility that life will render a human being if they continue the lifestyle of the streets — â€Å"Die soon†. The poem was written in 1950 (685) during the struggle for African-American civil rights messages and, to appeal to young African Americans of the time. It expresses the problems and also the dangers which affected the young African-American community; and it serves as a way to help the youth realize the ways of their problems and change themselves for their own good and the good of the community.

CanGo Corporation Essay Example for Free

CanGo Corporation Essay CanGo does not seem to have any legitimate process flow charts, especially for its operations facility. Two floor plan layouts were drawn up. One for the current operation processes and one which shows the operation facility if CanGo invests and implements an ASRS (automated storage and retrieval systems). These two floor plans were referred to as flow charts. Flow charts consist of shapes and connectors which are labeled stating the flow of the processes, the decisions that can be made at specific stages, and outcomes of those decisions. Accompanying a flow chart would be the floor plan and written documentation outlining and explaining the entire process. Recommendation Classes Consulting recommends that CanGo draws up an actual flow chart, as well as the floor plans and written documentation explaining the processes in their operations facility. In addition, costs, financial effects (both current and future), and other details should be included for both the current operations system and the proposed ASRS and barcoding system. Having all of this documentation will show where improvements can be made and where costs can be cut. It will show and explain in detail the actual processes used for receiving, picking, and shipping. A floor plan will not take into account the actual details such as how long it take to pick books, how crowded it is on the operations floor, nor how the employees feel about the possible change. If, after creating this documentation, CanGo decides to go ahead with the new barcode and ASRS the flowchart will help in the creation and setup of the new systems. In addition, if financing is needed to install the new systems, having this documentation will show the lenders that CanGo has thought it through and can give details.

Network Opimisation Problems And Forecasting

Network Opimisation Problems And Forecasting The Makonsel Company, a fully integrated company that both produces and sells goods at its retail outlets. After production, the goods are stored in companys two warehouses until needed by the retail outlets. Trucks are used to transport the goods from the two plants to the warehouses, and then from the warehouses to the three retail outlets. Using units of full truckloads, the following table shows each plants monthly output, its shipping cost per truckload sent to each warehouse, and the maximum amount that it can ship per month to each warehouse. Unit Shipping Cost For each retail outlet (RO), the next table shows its monthly demand, its shipping cost per truckload from each warehouse, and the maximum amount that can be shipped per month from each warehouse. Unit Shipping Cost The Managements objective is to determine the shipping plan (number of truckloads shipped per month from each plant to each warehouse and from each warehouse to each retail outlet) that will minimise the total shipping cost. In order to achieve the objective, the following issues will be discussed : The distribution network of Makonsel Company, algebraic formulation for the network model, spreadsheet formulation for this problem by using the solver of excel and interpretation and recommendation of the result. The distribution network A network model for the Makonsel Company problem as a minimum-cost flow problem According to the data from the table above we put it into a distribution network. The supply nodes in this network are P1 (plant1) and P2 (plant2), the transshipment nodes are W1 (warehouse1) and W2 (warehouse2) and the demand nodes in this network are RO1, RO2 and RO3. And the shipping cost and the shipping capacity differ considerably among these shipping lanes. The cost per unit shipped and the maximum amount that it can ship per month (given in square brackets of the arc) through each lane is shown above corresponding arrow in the above Figure. Algebraic Formulation Solution: Decision variables Makonsel must determine how much to ship per month from each plant to each warehouse and from each warehouse to each retail outlet. Let Xij = Number of truckloads to ship from i to j (i = P1, P2; j = W1, W2). Let Xjk =Number of truckloads to ship from j to k (j =W1, W2 k=RO1, RO2, RO3). Then Makonsels problem may be formulated as Objective: Subject to: The first five constraints ensure that each retail outlet is meet their monthly demand, and the 2 Sources constraints are ensure that each plants monthly output and the last 10 ensure the maximum amount that can be shipped per month. Spreadsheet Formulation After we finished the algebraic formulation, we can transform them to spreadsheet, and using the solver of Excel to work out the distribution problem. The spreadsheet formulations are all showed in the graph below. A spreadsheet model for the Makonsel Company minimum-cost flow problem, where the changing cells (C4:C13) show the optimal solution obtained by the Solver and the target cell (E15) gives the resulting total cost of the flow through the network. Interpretation and Recommendation The optimal solution for the Makonsel Company problem, where the shipping amounts are shown in parentheses over the arrows By using excel we can calculate the minimum total shipping cost of Makonsel Company is  ¿Ã‚ ¡488.125. In order to make the minimum total monthly shipping cost of  ¿Ã‚ ¡488.125, the Makonsel Company should first transport 125 truckloads per month from plant 1to warehouse 1 and 75 units to warehouse 2. And ship 175 truckloads per month from plant 2 to warehouse 1, ship 125 truckloads per month to warehouse2. After that the retail outlet1, retail outlet 2 and retail outlet 3 should get 100 truckloads, 50 truckloads and 100 truckloads from warehouse 1 respectively. And should separately transport 50 truckloads, 150 truckloads and 50 truckloads from warehouse 2 to retail outlet1, retail outlet 2 and retail outlet 3. As we have known the shipping cost per truckload from each plant and each warehouse from the table. Thus the Minimum Cost= 425*125+560*75+510*125+600*175+470*100+505*50 +490*100+390*50+410*150+440*50 =488,125 Conclusion Determined the shipping plan which can minimise the total shipping cost is the management objective of Makonsel Company. By building the distribution network , formulating the constraints and calculating the result through using the solver of excel , Makonsel Company successfully solve the distribution network problem and construct the shipping plan with the minimum total shipping cost of  ¿Ã‚ ¡488.125. Forecasting Introduction The time-series below relates to the Sales of a company (00s) for the last five years. The objective is to use the information contained in the time-series data above to construct a forecast of the next four quarters sales. In order to achieve the objective, the following issues will be discussed: Analysis this time-series, Detrend a Time-Series and construct the Seasonal Indices by MINITAB, Forecasting the next four quarters sales and use measures to identify the forecast accuracy, Reservations about the appropriateness of the forecasting procedure used. Time-series Analysis Main characteristics of this time-series The first step in any forecasting exercise is to plot a graph of the time-series. We transfer the data from the table to Minitab and use the time series plot-simple of Minitab to make the graph, since the time-series was recorded in quarter, so we choose the quarter of calendar in time scale. The plot of this time-series looks like: Form the graph above We can roughly find out that there is a decreasing trend over time, a clear quarterly seasonal effect and it is a table time series, the pattern is regular with little random noise. With the purpose of confirming the characteristics of the time-series, we use the cantered moving averages (CMA). Since the CMA is the average and smoothed data of the actual figures, which is much easier for us to determine the characteristics of the time-series, we use this plot instead. As the time-series was recorded in quarters and with quarterly seasonal effect so the length of moving average is 4, and chose the moving averages, plot the graph smoothed vs. actual. Negative Trend Structure, an decreasing trend over time It is a negative trend structure. Look at the smoothed line of this time-series, as at the beginning of the time-series the sales of this company is about 485 ,however , it keeps decreasing and from about 485 down to around 478 to roughly 471 and finally it decrease to around 405. A clear seasonal structure , additive seasonal structure It can be seen from the graph above that there is a clear quarterly seasonal structure, for each quarter 1 the actual observed value is about 13 units below the trend value. For quarters 2, 3 4 estimating from the graph the actual observed values are 30 above, 22 above and 23 below the estimated trend values. Seasonal Structures: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 -13 30 22 -23 These are estimates of the seasonal indices; and also in this case, for a given variable the quarter 1 is 13 units below trend, quarter 2, 3 are 30 units and 22 units above trend, quarter 4 is 23 units below trend. And it can be seen from the graph above, seasonal deviation is constant about the trend so this seasonal structure is additive. A table time series, the pattern is regular with little random noise The graph of Moving average plot for sales above shows us that the pattern is regular with little random noise, it decreasing stability of the seasonal pattern, and also from the smoothed line we can find that the series reduce stability, from about 485 down to around 478 to roughly 471, ect. No more than 10units lower. Model the time-series QUADRATIC TREND MODELS There are two trend models ,one is linear trend model (Trend = a + b*t ) and the other is Quadratic trend model (Trend = a + b*t + ct2 ), and as we have been calculated the Cantered Moving Average (CMA)above, which is the average and smoothed line of the actual sales, so by using the CMA, we can use value of these two models to compare with the value of CMA, and then choose the model which the value is much closer to the CMA as our forecasting model. There are three commonly used measures of forecast accuracy: Mean Square Deviation (MSD), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). And the smaller the data is, the more accurate of the forecast. And it can be seen from the graph above that the Quadratic Trend Model, MAPE=0.43297, MAD=1.91172, MSD = 5.44313, and to the Linear Trend Model, MAPE=0.51281, MAD=2.21232, MSD = 7.74838. The data of the Quadratic Trend Model are all smaller than the Linear Trend Model, which means that the value of quadratic trend model is much closer than value of the CMA; the quadratic trend model is much more accurate than the linear trend model, so choose the quadratic trend model to forecast. Detrend a Time-Series and construct SI of MINITAB Detrend a Time-Series Detrend a Time-Series, which means Sales-Trend (DIV), the gap between the actual sales and the forecast sales. After we have decided to take the quadratic model to forecast, we can record the data as the trend data, and the plot the graph above to compare with the sales and trend. And use the actual sales data minus the forecast one we can Detrend a Time-Series. As the graph shows us above the DIV1=472-500.367=-28.3673, DIV2=516-493.333=22.6674, DIV3=507-486.459=20.5414, DIV4=462-479.745=-17.7454, etc. By using the Minitab, we can use the calculator to figure the result. Construct the Seasonal Indices by MINITAB As Seasonal Indices is the quarter average of DIV, after we have calculated the DIV, we can use MINITAB to construct the seasonal indices. And in the MINITAB, we use the decomposition to figure out the SI. As we have described before that the sales trend of this company is additive and seasonal and the data were recorded in quarter, so the seasonal indices is four quarters as a unit, the seasonal length is 4 and the model type is additive. And Seasonal Indices is the average of each quarter of DIV, so the seasonal indices can be calculated as below: Quarter1=SI1= (DIV1+DIV5+DIV9+DIV13+DIV17)/5= -24.0937 Quarter2=SI2= (DIV2+DIV6+DIV10+DIV14+DIV18)/5=20.4062 Quarter3=SI3= (DIV3+DIV7+DIV11+DIV15+DIV19)/5=17.2812 Quarter4=SI4= (DIV4+DIV8+DIV12+DIV16+DIV20)/5=-13.5937 Since seasonal indices is the average of each quarter of DIV so SI is quarterly cycle, the value of SI5 will equal to the value of SI1, SI6=SI2, etc. And also it can be seen from graph above that the SI is quarterly cycle. Forecasting and measures of forecast accuracy Future Forecast As the Future Forecast equal Future Trend plus Future Seasonal Indices, so first we should use the CMA to calculate the future trend of the next four quarters. Since the CMA is the average and the smoothed data of the actual data, using the data of CMA can let forecast more accuracy. And the time-series is seasonal structure of quarter, so the number of forecast is 4. And we use trend analysis to calculate the future trend. After we figure out the future trend, copy the first four Seasonal Indices (SI is quarterly cycle) which we have calculated before (-24.0937, 20.4062, 17.2812, -13.5937), as Future Seasonal Indices. And then use the FTrend and FSI to figure out the Future Forecast value (FFC=FTrend+FSI). After figure out the FFC, copy them after the FC to plot a forecast. The plot of time series of sales and forecast looks like: So the next four quarters; Q1, Q2, Q3 Q4 of 2009 are: Q1=366.116, Q2=406.796, Q3=400.011, Q4=365.637 Measures of forecast accuracy After we calculate the forecasts for the next four quarters, we need to know whether the forecast is accurate or not, so we use the three commonly used measures of forecast accuracy: MSD, MPE and MAD to check the forecasts. i. Mean Square Deviation: MSD = S (Xt Ft)2/n ii. Mean Absolute Deviation: MAD = S |Xt Ft| /n iii. Mean Percentage Error: MPE = S |(Xt Ft)/Xt| /n Since all of measures above need the value of Xt Ft (error), so we should calculate the error first. Error = Sales-FC, in the Minitab we use calculator to figure it out. After calculated the error, we can figure out the value of accuracy. MSD = S (Xt Ft)2/n MAD = S |Xt Ft| /n MPE = S |(Xt Ft)/Xt| /n And for this forecast the MSD=29.3526, MAD=4.69560, MPE=1.08963. As we all know for each forecast indicator, the lower value, the higher prediction accuracy. And usually we use the MPE to confirm the accuracy. Lets look at the MPE, the value of MPE is equal to 1.08963%, though the value of MPE is slightly higher than 1%, it close to 1%, the forecast is still accuracy. Reservation In this forecasting procedure we faced two choices, one is determined the seasonal structure of the time-series, determining whether the seasonal structure is additive or multiplicative. And the other one is to confirm the trend model, choosing the linear model or the quadratic model. The choice we make will affect the accuracy of forecasting. Additive or Multiplicative In this forecasting, we analysis the time-series as additive seasonal structure by using method below ¼Ã… ¡ Seasonal Structures: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 -13 30 22 -23 In this case ¼Ã…’for a given variable the quarter 1 is 13 units below trend, quarter 2 is 30 units above trend, etc. This is an Additive Seasonal Index. Alternatively we could have expressed the index as follows: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 -13% 30% 22% -23% Here the quarter 1 data is 13% below the trend value, or more conventionally 87% of trend, similarly for the other quarters. It is conventional to express this Seasonal Index as: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 87% 130% 122% 77% This is called a Multiplicative Seasonal Index and if the seasonal deviation is proportional to the trend then the seasonal structure is multiplicative. In this case we preferred the additive seasonal structure as the time-series constant about the trend, but in fact it could proportional to the trend and become the multiplicative seasonal structure in the future, so we should make appropriate adjustments base on the future data. Linear or Quadratic model In this case, we modeled the time-series as quadratic model due to the data the company provided closer to the quadratic model now, however, with the future data the model may be transformed into the linear model. Conclusion The objective of the company is to use time-series data to construct a forecast of the next four quarters sales. So as to do the forecast first we analysed the time-series to determine main characteristics of this time-series and modeled it, then found out the difference between the sales and trend to construct the seasonal indices, after that did the forecasting and to identify whether the forecast accurate or not by using the MAD, MSD and MPE. And the next four quarters sales of this company are Q1=366.116, Q2=406.796, Q3=400.011, Q4=365.637. However, during the forecasting procedure we should also consider about the choice we have made whether to choose additive or multiplicative, the linear model or the quadratic model will affect the accuracy of forecasting.

Black & Decker Essay -- essays research papers

Background Black and Decker (B&D) is a pioneer in portable power tools. In 1991, it is a $5 billion in sales company with 29% of these sales coming from Power Tools and Accessories. B&D is the world’s larges producer of power tools and the U.S. market overall leader. Problem Statement B&D has a strong market share in the consumer and industrial markets, but is weak in the P-T market as it is currently experiencing decreased market share. In this segment, B&D is not generating profits and, at the same time, retailers want more advertising allowances and rebates. Analysis The U.S. power tools market is divided into three segments: Consumer (home use buyers), Professional-Tradesmen (P-T) (contractors who purchase their own tools), and Industrial (procuring professional buying in large quantities for industrial usage). The P-T segment is the one experiencing the largest growth potential. B&D is one of the most powerful brands in power tolls. Its products are generally regarded to have high quality. B&D currently has 45% of the Consumer and 20% of the Industrial markets. However, in the P-T segment B&D holds only 9% of the market and is in near parity with Milwaukee Electric (10%) and trails Makita, which has captured 50% of the market. Makita was able to grow rapidly in the P-T market as its dominance was aided by the rapid development of a new type of distribution channel, the Home Centers such as Home Depot, which Makita actively sought. B&D, however, was not able to grow quickly in the P-T market due to Tradesman’s perception of its P-T Line. The Tradesman market perceives B&D as a â€Å"Consumer† product that is not on par to handle professional tasks. This is evident in that in studies of brand perceptions in the P-T segment, six manufacturers out-rank B&D, three tie with B&D, and only one is rated with lower quality. On blind trials the quality of B&D P-T products often outranked those of the manufactures whose quality was perceived to be better, implying that B&D’s problem is not of having bad products, but of having a bad reputation. One factor contributing to the perceived higher quality of Makita and Milwaukee is that both are priced at a premium, and on average, are 5-10% more than B&D. This difference in price contributes to foster the perception by the P-T market that because the competitors’ prod... ...f B&D P-T line may remain. The recommended Option 3 is that B&D should go with the established DeWalt and Industrial Yellow. Marketing DeWalt alone is a better choice, as there are negative perceptions of the B&D line concerning reduced quality. Increasing the DeWalt brand awareness and improving the perceived quality will be easier and more successful to accomplish than increasing B&D’s perceived quality at the P-T market. The color of the new line should be â€Å"Industrial Yellow† because other power tool companies have not used this color. It is a bold color, and will stand out compared to the other P-T colors. In the early stages, the positive associations will be associated with the original DeWalt Company’s reputation and safety as this color is used to indicate safety. As the DeWalt line’s positive market perceptions grow, Industrial Yellow will be easier to identify the high-end P-T line and will automatically be associated with high quality goods. Although not sufficient by itself, Option 4 is also interesting for B&D, since Makita has already damaged relationships with retailers, and retailers â€Å"push† of products is an important element in driving sales.

Ibsens Roles Essay -- essays research papers

The movement from nineteenth-century Romanticism to twentieth-century Realism in art and literature sought to accurately reflect real life instead of idealizing it. Playwrights all over Europe and America rebelled against the established standards of a "well-made play". They shocked, as well as horrified their audience, by abstaining from writing a resolution, or an "ideal ending" in their plays. These innovators insisted on presenting social issues in a dramatic scenario, and imposed their discussions onto their audience. Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, the "Father of Realism" was one of the main advocates for social revolution. He was notorious for weaving controversial topics into his plays, as well as for including female leads. He knew very well that society’s oppression over women was a prime example of the hamper it placed over every person’s potential. Writing about women allowed him to make a universal call, not only to wo men, but to every sentient being. His plays cried out for the individual’s emancipation. In A Doll’s House , Ibsen portrayed the altruistic nature instilled into women by society, the consequential stunt of their development, and the need for them to find their own voice in a world dominated by men. For ages, society has taught women to set aside their own needs and to focus on those of her husband and children. Women have been forced to be passive, gentle creatures who must also be willing to sacrifice themselves for others. Nora, the protagonist in the play, expresses her intention in protecting her husband at any price, "Torvald, with all his masculine pride--how painfully humiliating for him if he ever found out he was in debt to me." Nora will not admit to Torvald that she has saved his life, for he will most likely acquire an inadequacy complex for his inability to be in control over every aspect of his life. She prefers to be deprived of the credit she deserves than to hurt Torvald’s manly ego. She allows Torvald to treat her like a mischievous little spendthrift although he is not aware that "she had scrimped and skeletonized her own needs so that Helmer and the children had been deprived of nothing" (Salomà ©, 46). Nora has selflessly given up any extra money for herself so that her children ... ...surpass those needed to carry out menial tasks at home. When Torvald calls her a "blind, incompetent child", Nora assertively responds, "I must learn to be competent, Torvald". Because Nora was always submitted herself to Torvald’s expectations, she is not aware of her own capacity. Only by leaving Torvald and her seemingly happy home, will she have enough focus on her own person to discover her own potential for success. The family is a microcosm of society; any problem that can arise within this institution is a direct reflection of a problem faced by society. Ibsen takes advantage of this knowledge and focuses on women and their shackled autonomy. He certainly is a master at presenting us a glimpse of ourselves in our daily life experiences, and leaving us questioning society in the end. By using Nora as the protagonist in A Doll’s House , he shows people that a hint of selfishness is much better than blind altruism, that choosing to reject this knowledge will only be self-destructive to a person, and embracing this knowledge can help one break out of society’s manacles and into a quest for freedom.

The Effects of Slavery on African-Americans

Slavery obviously had no small affect on the lives of millions of African-Americans in America. Both the North and South had strict rules on how the race was placed in society, rules that placed them far beneath any social class in America. It could be said that even free slaves, could never actually be â€Å"free† due to a complete lack of social equality granted by the American Government. Blacks were treated as something less than a human being, something like a product; this product was sold and traded around the country, and was the basis of the entire country's economy.Working in the fields from dusk to dawn not only hindered African-American's physically, but also exhausted them in the social and mental aspects of life. Slavery affected the lives of African-Americans in the South and the North by hindering them socially, mentally, and physically. Socially, African-American's were at the complete bottom of the list. Even the backwoods, workless â€Å"hillbillies† who lived nearly as harsh of lives as the African-Americans did were well above the slaves in social aspects.African-Americans in the South were completely deprived of any sort of education, including the simple knowledge of reading and writing. Black schools in the North were much despised, in one case, a school dedicated to the teaching of African-Americans was drug into a pond by a group of local whites. Blacks, horribly mistreated had virtually no legal rights, and could not even testify against a white person in court. This meant that no matter how brutally a slave was beaten, he could not do a thing about it.The â€Å"free† blacks had little freedom also, and were treated as a kind of â€Å"third race† in society. These people were essentially slaves still, only without a master. Secondly, African-Americans were hindered very much in the mental aspect. Blacks had no hope of social mobility in their country and recognized this. This, to many blacks became a degrad ing truth. They also felt deprived of their dignity and responsibility in the world. Knowing all of these depressing truths, many blacks esentially gave up and stopped putting so much effort into their role in society.Thus began the stereotype of the â€Å"lazy† African-American, who did just enough to get by, or purposely destroyed machinery in hopes of dodging work. Treatment of blacks within the family varied, some blacks in the upper South were treated as family while blacks in the deep South were whipped and branded on a regular basis. Lastly, the most apparent type of abuse that the African-Americans had to deal with was the physical abuse. Blacks toiled in the fields of cotton from dusk to dawn during their long work days.Masters were allowed to punish their slaves as they pleased, allowing them to whip their slaves if they weren't pleased with their effort. The Government offered no real type of protection to slaves due to the law that forbidded any African-American t o testify against a white in court. Even African-Americans that were finally free had to fear that they may be recaptured at any moment, and they could do nothnig about it. In the North, blacks were definitely a rare race. The blacks that were seen were discriminated against significantly, some blacks weren't even allowed entrance to certain states!In conclusion, African-Americans were placed at the pit of society throughout the 19th century. They had virtually no rights, and were worked tirelessly for a lifetime. African-Americans were not only exhausted by physical work, but they were also beaten in the mental and social aspects. Blacks almost always kept hope, and used the idea of being a free black as motivation, though this third race didn't have such a well-off life either. Slavery affected the lives of African-Americans in the South and the North by hindering them socially, mentally, and physically.

Impulse †Goddess Body Fragrance Advertisement Essay

The advertisement that I have chosen is the ‘Impulse’ anti-perspirant spray advertisement that was in Glamour magazine, which has an audience of stylish young women. The advert is targeted at the women who would read a magazine like Glamour because it is a women’s fragrance and because the picture at the centre is of a young beautiful woman. It is based on the same idea as the television advertisement for this product that was on at the same. The television advertisement is about a woman who keeps her spray in her handbag. When she opens her bag to use her deodorant, a tribe of little people who live in her bag look up out of her bag at her. They had been living around the aerosol can as if it was a totem pole and they believed that the woman who some times looked down on them from above was a goddess looking down from the heavens. The advertisement that I have chosen shows the scene from the television advertisement where she looks down into her bag and is worshiped by the tribe. The image of the woman and the product are at the centre of the advertisement. It was done in this way so it would grasp the attention of the reader, as the images are the most important parts. The image and text are mainly coloured in shades of gold, which is a colour that suggests wealth and holiness. This emphasises the theme of worship and godliness that is depicted in the advertisement. The advertisement relies on the slogan and image at the centre to get the attention of the reader and to get the right effect. The image is of a pretty young woman with light shining around her to suggest that she is holy and that she is looking down from heaven. The people of the tribe are looking up at her and praising her with their hands raised high. This shows that she is highly respected. Also the tribe are beneath her, which suggests that she is powerful. These are the qualities that reader of the advertisement aspires to when they see it in the magazine. On closer inspection of the picture it can be seen that everyone in the tribe is male. Because it is a tribe of men that is worshipping her, the advertisement is suggesting to the reader that the product will make the user more attractive to men. The advertisement gives a compliment to women in the slogan. â€Å"Summon your inner goddess,† suggests that the reader has an inner beautiful and powerful element that is attractive to other people. The slogan is in large capital letters and is bright and bold. This is because it needs to be highly visible as it is an important part of the advertisement. The rest of the writing, apart from the product name, is very small because it is important to capture the reader’s attention first to gain a larger audience for the advertisement. The details can be described later after people have become interested. There are few words on this advertisement as it relies mainly on the image and slogan to get its point over to the reader. This makes the image more striking and so more likely to catch the reader’s attention. The lack of words can be good because people generally do not want to read too many words. If there were more words the reader’s attention may be lost or the words may distract the attention from the image. Instead of identifying the product as just an anti-perspirant, it is called a body fragrance as well. This is a pleasant way of describing the product and gives the impression of a sweet smell and this is appealing to the reader. Overall the advertisement suggests to the reader that the user of this product will become like a goddess. This means they will be more confident, powerful and attractive. These attributes are very appealing to the target audience for this advertisement. It gives the impression of worship and adoration towards the woman in the picture and this is the type of respect the reader may aspire to.

Lack of technology at my work

The term technology is a concept that deals with the knowledge and usage of tools and crafts and how its ability to control and adjust to the environment is affected. Technology also refers to material object that are useful to human nature. They include machines, hardware or utensils amongst other things, at times; it encompasses systems, organizational methods, and techniques. The term can also be generally applied or to specifically applied to specific areas: medical technology, computer technology or construction technology. It has made it easy for people to research on the internet both academic and general information. Different people have done researches and are still doing and making it available to the net. This therefore means that for works of any company to improve their performance and compete favorably with others, they need enough equipment in their offices so that they can acquaint themselves with knowledge. Lack of or not enough of these equipments will lead to the incompetence of the workers hence low productivity.   (Borgmann, 2006) Thomas Friedman in his book the world is flat tries to look at technology and its effect on Globalization. To him its technology that has made the world to become a small village. Technology started when man realized the need to make his work easier. In the attempt to make hunting easier, man invented the weapon from the stones; there was also the invention of fire. These discovery helped increase the availability of food and the wheel invention assisted humans in traveling and environmental control. This was due to the need to improve the livelihood of the man. As the time moved by and with the increase of population, there also arose the need for man to supplement his food. He was to move from hunting and gathering and start cultivating some crops. This cultivation was to be done with the aid of tool hence technology. However, the recent development in various fields like printing press internet and telephone have has greatly made it easier to communicate. It has made human beings to interact as they share ideas on a global scale as Friedman puts it. In a local setting, information flow in the country moves very first to the citizens with the help of mass media. People now can access any information via the internet and also through their mobile phones. This is as a result of technology. The convergence of media has done a great improvement and raised the standards of living. Doctor nowadays can monitor the patient from far using different communicative devices connected to the patient. Operation in the theatres by medical doctors is now easily done with the use of computers. (Thomas 2005) Technology however is made to make the work more efficient and time saving. For any substantial development at any industry, technology becomes a major driving issue. This is because the workers need to get the necessary support as they do the work. Having enough computers in the office for instance makes it easy for the worker to perform their duties effectively hence the productivity will go high as everybody will be doing his or her best. Lack of the same hinders some or rather reduces performance as more time will be on none constructive issue as they wait for the few to be shared. However, as we embrace technology, we have to look at both the positive and negative effectives. This is to say that it has had some negative impact to the society and its surroundings in a several ways. In the places where we have industries, there is pollution of the environment hence affecting people’s health. According to the report of June 2000, on the effect of mobile phone, it says that mobile phones are good devices to use but their side effects are immense. For instance, there develops ear cancer if overused and can even cause importance to men when exposed to private parts for a long time because of the radiations they emit. (Borgmann, 2006) Technology also has got negative impact on the social values. It is because is the accessibility  Ã‚   to different cultural orientations across the world. This complexity whereby some are constructive while others are destructive might be harmful especially to young ones. The issue of pornography for instance is now an issue at hand. How can it be stopped, remains the big issue with technology? Is it at the uploading side or at the down loading side? The mode of dressing too is borrowed from the same internet which is a product of technology. Young people tent to borrow some dressing mode that do not conform to the norms and values of the society. This always brings about conflict with parents and other members of the society. In a nutshell, in any growing world, technology and development go hand in hand. It is easy and time saving. Workers therefore should be provided with enough and efficient equipment for them to be able to operate with easy. This will ensure maximum production. However as we embrace this technology, we should very careful with type of equipment that are being bought. Some of them might be outdated and instead of helping, they cause more harm than good. Others might be expansive digging deep into the company’s pocket yet its performance is not felt. (Borgmann, 2006) All in all technology is part and parcel of every day life and can not be avoided but be made available for the people use it   for good not evil.   (Bormann, 2006) Reference Borgmann, A. (2006): Technology as a Cultural Force: For Alena and Griffin; The Canadian Journal of Sociology 31 (3): 351-360. Heinzelin, J. (1999): Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Stiegler, Bernar

A Travel

I will talk about my trip to Egypt and Palestine, and I visited two cities in Egypt, Luxor and Aswan. I also visited two cities in Palestine, Jerusalem and Beit Lehem. I travelled in the beginning to Egypt and the program for my trip includes I visit first Luxor city and then visiting Aswan. Luxor and Aswan are located south Egypt, and travelled by train from Cairo to Upper Egypt, where the distance was about 700 kilometres. When I arrived to Luxor I went to area called alleyway rams and there are statues in this way and these statues were with sphinx’s body and the head of a ram.On other side of the River Nile there are temples and tombs which include the valley of Kings and valley of Queens. ‘Luxor has world’s greatest open air museum’ the tour guide said. After that I went to Aswan it is located on River Nile. I visited many of the archaeological sites like island of Elephantine in the River Nile, and I visited Abu Simbel area which located in Nubia, sou th Aswan about 300 kilometres. Abu Simbel area includes the Great Abu Simbel temples includes two temples: first temple called Great Temple for the King Ramesses II and anther temple called Small Temple.After I visited Egypt I flew to Palestine, and when I arrived I went Jerusalem city which located in west bank in Palestine. I went to Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of Rock Mosque and are located in the old city Jerusalem and these mosques are very old. And then I went to Beit Lehem city is located in west bank and located south Jerusalem city about 10 kilometres. I visited where Jesas was born because Beit Lehem city as birthplace of Jesas. When I finished my visit I went back again to Egypt, and I stayed a few more days and then returned to Sweden.

Antonym analogies

Antonym analogies Essay Antonyms have long been favourites of the readers of Word Ways, either as themselves (ODDEVEN) or in disguise. In the latter case, they may be hidden in other word pairs such as in FATETHINE, SHINSHOUT and BANDEDBORED where they occur at the beginnings, ends and in the middles of the word pairs respectively, the other letters remaining the same. In the August 1994 Kickshaws (page 169), Dave Morice listed 24 such word pairs in an item entitled Letter-Addition Opposites. Now I offer further examples and also extend the concept to include pairs of words in which the antonyms are split, appearing in 2 places in each of the two words, the other letters always remaining the same. My list includes both antonyms and near-antonyms. Most of them can be found in Chambers Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms ed. Martin H. Manser, 1993. Excluding certain proper names, most of the word pairs can be found in the Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition. w2 = Websters Second Edition. Those examples which appear in WW94169 are asterisked*. EXCHANGING BEGINNINGS alls (also)nones alterationfixation askerteller (one who counts money) bagdeGoodge (a name) banelicensee barterletter bested (placed)worsted (a fine, smooth yarn) bindsfrees (frieze) boomed (what the foghorn did)slumped (in chair) bottomed (having;a bottom)toped (toppled or fell over) boyling (boiling)girling (a young salmon) breadwort (the knot grass)waterwort (plants of genus Elatine) breaker (a small keg or flaskon a boat)mender burdenerrider calmerdinner calmingwilding (a crab-apple tree or Michael) clearingfainting Cleary (a name)dully closelystartly (apt to start, jump) cometgot* coveredstriped dayly (dally)nightly divedsoard (sward) dressed striped Easterwester (windw2) ebber (manifest, unconcealed)flower emptyingfulling (the process of cleansing and thickening cloth by beating and washing) EXCHANGING ENDS Ada (a name)adzed (cut with an adze) farmfleg (a fright, scare) neart (be)nescience reblessrecurse (to recur) scentersedge scoldsheat (a pig under one year old) scoldswarm scool (school)swarm Adie (a name)alive undies (under garments)unlives (deprives of life) redress (reparation of a wrong)restrip (w2) bedrop (to drop upon, cover or wet with drops)behold pearlyplate* uneasyunhard (soft) miseasy (miserably)mistrying (trying wrongly) upend (to set something on its end)upstart (someone who has suddenly risen in importance) centercleave sevenslumpy seversnever (narrow) infall (material that falls or has fallen)inrise (to rise in opposition) forefeet (the front feet of a quadruped)forehands (shots in tennis) afind (to find out)alose (a fish) afoot (astir)ahead refreshretired unfriendlyunreserved (not put to one side) forgive (to pardon)fortake (to take away) shaveslack shere (share)sthere (steer = a young ox) chers (cheers)chis (fastidious) phot (a unit in physics = one lux maintained for one second)picy (a manoeuvre in piquet) sillswell* spinnerspouter cladclass landlady (runs a Bed and Breakfast)landman (a countryman, peasant) Roland (a name)rosea (plant species name) flaxfrigid underlay (for carpet)understood cleaveclinger sleave (sleeve)stake slendersower underlieunderstand overlieovertruth (a statement in excess of the truth) clingercrush sloath (sloth)swilling alose (a fish)awin (to win) slowstall blowerbraise slowersupper sloweststop Romanyroone (roan) remissreobserve ostomy (type of operation)ostoyour (soldier) smyth (smite v.; also a surname)struth (strewth) gnew (past tense of gnaw)gold snippyswarm doffdon* (themselves antonyms) Doverdunder (the dregs of cane juice used in the West Indies in the fermentation of rum) groovergrounder apeace (appease)Awar (a member of the people of the North Caucasus) repure (to purify again)revile (to use abusive language) squeer (squire)swell unrest (disturbance)unwork (to undo or detach from something) troughtwell (till) ALL POSSIBLE EXCHANGES The same pair of antonyms may occur in different places in different pairs of words, specifically at the beginning, the end or in the middle of words. Alternatively, the antonyms may be split and appear in two, corresponding, separate places in each word. Below, each different pair of antonyms appears in at least 3 of the 4 columns. READ: Irony in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart Things EssayADDITIONAL SPLITS Here are some more examples of split  antonym  exchanges: (a) Beginning and End chame (a fissure)whent (quaint) drey (a squirrels nest)weet (to know) easilytensile haleshale heardtrail loessMoore (a name) lousemauke (maggot) pumill (pommel)pumish (pumice) rinsesnag shafe (sheaf)wheak (a squeak or whine) weak in the sense of unguarded trender (a wool winder)trough theoremuores (journeys) treuce (truce)wear (b) Beginning and Middle flinder (to break into fiinders or pieces)sleeker fletcher (an arrow-maker)slender (c) Middle and End rantedroter (one who repeats by rote) minn (type of old Irish ornament)mount (d) Beginning, Middle and End Here is a 3-way split pair of antonyms (these and those): threstle (trestle)throstle (a thrush) ALTERNATIVE SPLITS The 2 words FARER (traveller) and NEARER offer a choice of 2 positions for the antonyms FAR and NEAR: FARERNEARER and FARERNEARER. There are, however, 2 words which go one stage further, offering a choice of 3 positions for the antonyms MAS (several mothers) and PAS (several fathers): MASSESPASSES MASSESPASSES MASSESPASSES Both the above examples owe their existence to the presence in the words of repeated letters, R and S respectively.

Company culture report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company culture report - Research Paper Example This company’s culture gives them a competitive edge over the rivals and places them a head of others in market dominance and customer satisfactory products (Grenville, 113). Based on this information, this paper looks at the Apple’s culture in relation to how they have used the strategy to overcome hurdles facing the company. The culture of the company is based on change such that they have been associated with hitting the market with spectacular products that has left the competitors agape. Methodology For the purpose of data collection, this research paper considered secondary document to analyze and gather the relevant data required for the purpose of this paper. In this regard, Books and other journals that have documented Apple Company management and culture were considered. The information regarding the company has been accurately considered and rationally analyzed for the purposes of relying in this information. Apple Inc. Culture following the research demonstr ates one of the companies that use unique and complicated culture based on the ability to remain innovative at personal level. Culture of the Company The company’s culture is a complex structure with several facets that are simultaneously adhered to. The following will be discussed in relation its culture; Behavior at work Whereas there are set standards and ethical code of conduct, the company has enabled the employees to exercise freedom in running their own show and tolerate working in a challenging environment. This enabling environment has allowed them to be creative and progressive in making breakthrough by coming up with new products that has made the company known for surprises in the technological world (Linzmayer, 129). The need for creativity forms the cornerstone of progression in Apple Company, which is why the employees in the company always have the urge to bring something new in the market for the consumer-something different from what is common and usual. The company according to former CEO, Steve Jobs organized it employees relation in that there are a group of thinkers who come up with brilliant ideas about what may hit the market, the idea is then taken to another level where the imagination will be put to practice by software developers (Linzmayer, 143). In the end, a new product hits the market courtesy of the company culture. In apple, the formality and the hierarchical order traditionally associated with to most companies is not a factor, instead, they devised their own informal system that is results oriented. This kind of arrangement has enabled the company’s employees to develop legendry self esteem and efficiency that has propelled the company to its current level. Nurturing of self-esteem in the company’s employees has seen the employees accepting failures and instead of being disillusioned, they have used it for self-correcting and keeping up with the pace of innovation. Perception and Criteria of selection Fo llowing the company’s need to remain at the apex of innovation, they have designed a stringent method of recruiting employees that is also different from the normal assessment given by majority of the companies (Grady, 48). In Apple Company, one’s ability to serve in the dynamic work environment full of challenges is a prerequisite to the company than related intellect. All that the company requires is a progressive mind that is able to think constructively about what other cannot (Grady, 78).

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Family Law - Essay Example are treated slightly better than unmarried fathers when it comes to issues regarding the children, however when relationships break up it is generally the father that loses contact with the child or is restricted in the amount of contact they can have. Infrequently fathers are given preference over mothers in residence orders6. In general terms the courts have to have substantial proof that the mother is incapable of looking after the child before an order is made for the father to have care and control of the child. In the UK fathers can acquire parental responsibility either by being married to the mother of the child at the time that the baby is born or by the registering of the child jointly with the mother. Married fathers are entitled to register the birth of the baby without the mother being present and will be automatically entered onto the birth certificate of the child even if they are not present when the child is registered. Unmarried fathers will only appear on the birth certificate if the mother of the baby agrees to the father’s name been entered on the birth certificate. Since the introduction of the Adoption and Children Act 2002 an unmarried father can have parental responsibility if his name appears on the register of births. The effect of the 2002 Act led to the Children Act 1989 being amended so that there is no longer a requirement that the father has to prove his genetic fatherhood in order to be entered on the birth register. The acquisition of parental responsibility entitles the father to the right of consultation with regard to any decisions that are to be taken in respect of the welfare of the child7. In cases were the mother is incapable of caring for the child a father with parental responsibility can apply to the courts for a residence order whereby the court can insist on the child residing with the father8. In such cases the court can sometimes grant a joint residence order which giving the mother and father equal rights over

Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managers - Essay Example The role of each of the four management functions in the daily managerial work is discussed below. Planning is necessarily management’s foundational function which â€Å"provides the design of a desired future state and the means of bringing about that future state to accomplish the organization's objectives† (Wijesinghe, 2011). Plans have to be made on a daily basis as new challenges emerge. Once the decision has been made, the manger assesses the required resources, and recruits the missing ones accordingly. Recruitment allows a manager to evaluate the skills of candidates through formal hiring procedures like interview or test in order to bring new employees on board so that the workforce is equipped with the competences that are demanded by the task at hand. It is recommendable to have a pre-planning session as it can prove a wonderful time saver (Rowland, 2001, p. 4). Senior management can complete a SWOT analysis before the commencement of planning process. The fu nction of organizing requires a manager to allocate appropriate resources to the tasks for their accomplishment. This is commonly achieved with the help of organizational charts that clearly depict the levels of authority and the accorded areas of responsibility. Day-to-day operations are governed by rightly marked lines of communication between the various organizational personnel.

Economy analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economy analysis - Assignment Example People find it more convenient to order books from online vendors than to go out to bookstores to look for books the way they did before the digital revolution. The second point is that in addition to Amazon, there are now many avenues through which people access eBooks, hence the loss of the need to visit libraries. The final point he makes is that copyright laws are lagging behind, since they were developed in an era where the current potential for digitization did not exist. It is important to have a balance between access to published material bearing the cost of production in mind, and to retain the â€Å"incentive to create† for writers (Posner). There are two key strengths in Posner’s article. The article communicates very clearly the relationship between the demise of the bookstores and libraries in relation to the emergence and development of the digital revolution. The issues in it focus on the purchasing behavior of individuals and how the internet is affecting consumer behavior. The second strength of the article is that it identifies the legal problems that existing copyright laws have which will only make the process more difficult to manage. The article argues that there is need for action to update existing laws to make it easier for creators of literature to enjoy more protection because of the increasing cost of policing the internet to prevent online piracy. The key weakness of the article is that it does not offer any radical solution, but struggles to find a way around the existing problems based on the current laws. It does not pay attention to the fact that it is now almost impossible to stop online piracy by using legal means only. The internet is universal, and it is almost impossible to start developing laws which every country will accept. This is because different countries derive different benefits from the internet hence the laws may impede

Public sphere in Australia today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public sphere in Australia today - Essay Example Lower secondary starts at the 7th or 8th year and continue throughout the 10th year of education. The 7th during 9th years of education are known as "preparatory years." Towards the end of the 9th year, students may choose to abandon school or to continue to the 10th year. During the 10th year of education, students may abandon school with a School Leaving Certificate (SLC), in many situations provided by the individual school. Upper secondary consists of the 11th and 12th years of education. Instead of leaving school upon conclusion of the 10th grade, students may carry on for two extra years of education, upon conclusion of which students also get a SLC, provided by the school or by an external examining authority. Once attended almost exclusively by students going to university study, an increasing number of Australian students, irrespective of their plans for advanced study, are attaining the whole 12-year term. While some time ago, professional and scholastic secondary schools were mostly distinct institutes, the majority public secondary schools in Australia at present are "comprehensive high schools" Such schools offer programs both for university-bound students and for students who intend to do different jobs after leaving school or who will take up postsecondary technical or professional education. A number of public schools, on the other hand, maintain to offer only educational, college-introductory programs for students who are registered to the optional programs. Some advanced secondary schools offer agricultural or other education. Nearly all the students in Australia accomplish the 10th year of schooling and get a SLC. The number of students who carry on to the 12th year of education is about 71 % of all students all over the country in 1991. The majority of young students in Australia are registered in some kind of kindergarten program, although attendance is not obligatory. Nearly all states offer a "pre-Year 1" program, and both the government and private agencies offer other pre-school activities for the two years before the commencement of Year 1. School Governance & Finance In each Australian state, the education system is extremely centralized. The Education Ministry and a Director-General of Education administer the educational system. Of late, nevertheless, there has been a growing tendency to decentralize several organizational functions from the state level towards the local level. Governance The ministry of education exercises extensive power over schools all over the state. The states develop policies in the fields of schooling and teacher enrollment, teacher service, student registration, program content, course authorization and student appraisal. The education ministry hires and employs the teachers in government schools, construct buildings, equipment and materials, and grant subsidy for utilization by schools. Hence almost all

U.S .Virgin Islands Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S .Virgin Islands - Research Paper Example The United States Virgin Islands are a group of islands situated in the Caribbean and are part of the United States. The main islands of the U.S Virgin Islands are the Saint Croix, Saint John and Saint Thomas. Additionally, there is also a historically Water Island, though it is much smaller, surrounded by many other minor islands. According to the 2000 Census, the population was about 108,612, which mostly consisted of individuals of Afro-Caribbean descent. The primary economic activity is tourism, even though the manufacturing sector is also huge.Originally, the U.S Virgin Islands were occupied by Ciboney, Carib and Arawaks. The islands were given their respective names by Christopher Columbus together with her virgin followers on their second trip to Saint Ursula in 1493. Many years thereafter, the islands were controlled by several European countries such as Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France as well as Denmark-Norway. In 1672, the Danish West India Company occupied S aint Thomas. The following year, it occupied Saint John, ultimately purchasing Saint Croix in 1733 from France. It is imperative to note that the U.S. Virgin Islands were formerly referred to as Danish West Indies. However, in 1916, Denmark sold the Islands to the United States under the Danish West Indies Treaty. Consequently, on March 31, 1917, the Virgin Islands were formerly possessed by the United States and were thereafter renamed the United States Virgin Islands. All the inhabitants of the Islands are given the U.S Citizenship. Types of Businesses or Industries The economy of the islands strongly depends on the U.S mainland. The primary economic activity is Tourism hosting about 2 million visitors. Furthermore, the sale of duty-free products to visitors from the U.S mainland also substitutes the earnings from the Tourism sector. However, there also exist a significant number of manufacturing companies in the islands, such as the petroleum refining industry, textiles, rum distilling, electronics, pharmaceuticals as well as watch assembly. St Croix has the largest petroleum refineries in the world. Additionally, rum is a major product, and earns money from the refunds of U.S excise duty at the rate of about U.S$ 40m per year (West p.753). International businesses and financial services are on the verge of growing in the Islands. Government Type The United States Virgin Islands are under the territory of the United States. Although the population of the United States Virgin Islands is citizens of the U.S., the y cannot take part in the presidential elections. However, they are allowed to take part in the presidential primary elections for the delegates to both the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention. The law that disallows the United States Virgin Islands residents has received outcries from the elites, who claim that they are denied two of the most powerful rights that citizens of a democratic country ought to have; these are the ability to vote and choose their legislators (Todd). Nationally, the U.S Virgin Islands vote and elect a delegate to congress. However, the elected delegate cannot take part in floor votes but can vote in the committee. Virgin Islands People People from the Virgin Islands are known as Virgin Islanders, while those residing at respective islands are called St. Thomain, St. Johnian and St. Crucian as well as Water Islanders. During the early 1600s and mid 1800, the U.S Virgin Island population was majorly drawn from the European a nd African descent. White settlers, mainly from Holland, England, Denmark, Ireland and France, came to operate plantations, run shops and ware houses. African slaves outnumbered the European whites. These were slaves brought to work in the sugar plantations by the Caribbean. English is the official language in the U. S. Virgin Islands. However, a language known as Virgin

Small scale action research study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Small scale action research study - Essay Example Findings V. Analysis and Interpretation VI. Conclusion and Recommendations Small Scale Action Research Study I. Introduction This research study deals with how years 1 and 2 primary school children in my school approach reading; these children are aged five to six years. The research study is aimed at not only finding out how their reading skills can be improved, but also how this relates to the previous reading levels in my school. Reading among these children has been gradually deteriorating with time. It has been characterized by several difficulties. The nature of these reading problems coincides with what most reputable scholarly researchers have already studied sometime back cons in relation to this. The nature of the problems of readers who are struggling is quite complex. Over time, study has indicated that the complexity emanates from the individual differences that are present within any group that undertakes a reading. The reading struggle among the children is characteriz ed by the different approaches, skills, and dispositions. This makes it difficult for those reading to make sense of the print. Studies continue to reveal that both poor decoding and poor comprehension are among examples of aspects that struggling readers may posses. Besides, they also have difficulties in both vocabulary and language skills (Allington and McGill-Franzen, 2009, p. 221). Since September 2010, the Early Reading Research (ERR) has been used in my school. Since the time it was introduced, I have taken note of reading improvement among the children. The schools has teaching assistants who are not only experienced, but also industrious, and have really been surprised by the steps of improvement in reading levels attained by the children up to this far. I am still not certain of the fact that the National Literacy Strategy is the best approach to reading in our schools, due to the observed worsening trend of the reading level among the children. Before the National Literac y Strategy came into force, there was another Reading programme referred to as the Early Reading Research by Essex Lea. Thus the research question in this study is how effective is the Early Reading Research (ERR) by Essex Lea in solving the reading problem of children in my school? Interest for this area of study is motivated by the outcomes of the recently carried out research by the Essex Lea and the Leverhulme Trust on the efficiency of the Early Reading Research in comparison to other reading programmes. The study was based on classroom empirical investigations that was carried out on a large scale basis coupled with small scale cases to establish how children’s learning could be impacted with various principles of instruction. Apart from establishing the most efficient methods of teaching reading, Early Reading Research was also used in examining not only the level to which age and skill reading targets could be reached by each child, but also the prevention of particul ar difficulties in reading. This research study encompasses various sections that reveal the literature review, method of data collection, findings, analysis and interpretation, and conclusion together with recommendations. II. Literature Review a. The Significance of Reading Most people do not just take reading lightly, but also they do not easily see how difficult life can be for those who have not read. Print is available at almost every place that surrounds us that is on adverts, shop names, product instructions and novels, just to mention but a

Explore the differences in the ways Hamlet and Laertes go about seeking revenge Essay Example for Free

Explore the differences in the ways Hamlet and Laertes go about seeking revenge Essay This essay will consider the relevance of father/son relationships to motive for and the manner of revenge, the initial responses of both Hamlet and Laertes to the news of the murder of their father. Finally I will conclude by comparing how Hamlets and Laertes responses each compare with Fortinbras responses to his fathers death. The relationship each son had with his father is important, because it can be seen what motivates them for revenge, and whether or not their fathers influence inspires such vengeance. Hamlets relationship with his father is only shown after his demise. This is the only way we are able to see father and son interact. What we do see of this indicates that they do not have a good relationship, as the ghost of Hamlets father takes no pains to cover up the torment he endures beyond the grave. The ghost wants Hamlet to revenge his foul and most unnatural murder and warns that he would find Hamlet a fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf if he did not avenge his death. The ghost might have said this quite scathingly, perhaps because he is aware of Hamlets tendency to contemplate every action, and failure to get things done quickly. The love in this relationship is clearly one sided, Hamlet later on in the play, in Act 3 Scene 3-4 shows his mother a picture of his late father and a picture of Claudius. He bitterly comments on how superior his father is with his Hyperion curls, grace and eye like Mars to threaten and command compared to Claudius. He is furious and obviously holds his father in high regard. The abnormality of Hamlets situation is emphasised when the ghost appears before Hamlet and his mother in act 3 Scene 4. When Hamlets situation is compared to the relationship Laertes shares with his father, the result is starkly different. They both appear to have a very close father-son relationship and in Act 1 scene 3 we can see a conversation between them, where Polonius is giving Laertes fatherly advice on how to behave when in Paris. Among the many aphorisms given by Polonius, he warns Laertes too not give any unproportioned thought his act; Later on in the play, we can of course, see that Laertes ignores this heartfelt piece of advice when seeking revenge on Hamlet. Through not sitting down and thinking the situation out calmly, he jumped to the wrong conclusions. Polonius went so far as to ask for Claudius permission for Laertes to leave for Paris on Laertes behalf. The language he uses such as he wrung from me my slow leave does not suggest anything other than a father who carries nothing but deep affection for his son, and does not which to see him leave. No sooner are we shown the cruel and malicious treatment of Hamlet by hid dead father, then we are shown the stark contrast of Laertes and Polonius concerned and endearingly caring farewell conversation. As well as having completely different familial relationships, Hamlet and Laertes themselves form one of the most important polarities in all of the play. This is important in understanding why both characters have different methods of avenging their fathers. As the plot progresses, Hamlets hesitance and general inability to obtain his fathers revenge, will be heavily contrasted with Laertes fierce willingness to avenge his fathers death. Before Hamlet spoke to the ghost, he didnt know that his father had been murdered. When the ghost asks him to revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Hamlet replies Murder? the question mark in this statement indicates that Hamlet had not considered seriously the idea that his father had been murdered, and that it had taken him by surprise. Hamlet has been delivered a double shock. He was already grieving for his fathers death and is now confronted by the fact that he was murdered. The ghost exhorts Hamlet to seek revenge and Hamlet, who is intensely moved, swears to remember, obey, and sweep to his revenge. Whereas Hamlet doesnt quite trust the ghost and seeks to test Claudius guilt himself by staging a play based on the murder, Laertes sees no cause to disbelieve the method in which his father died. Laertes instantly trusts Claudius word that Hamlet is his fathers murderer. Laertes is a complete foil for Hamlet in some actions; his cry for vengeance is an absolute contrast to Hamlets timorous testing for the ghosts truthfulness. Laertes acts as the wronged son operation in open fury who dates damnation; He has all the moral legitimacy that Claudius lacks and that Hamlet has forfeited through not acting quick enough and procrastination too much. Hamlet, however, does have powerful and genuine incitement a dear father murderd as one soliloquy puts it and a mother staind as does another. Laertes confronts the king in Act 4, Scent 5. He demands where is my father how came he dead? Ill be revenged most thoroughly for my father believing Claudius to be the perpetrator of his fathers murder. The words that Laertes utters could quite easily have come from Hamlets mouth. You can almost hear the bitterness and scarcely contained fury in Laertes tone as he said these words. It is poignant that whereas Hamlet took time to establish Claudius s guilt for himself, Laertes had jumped in at the deep-end and confronted the king wrongfully. Claudius managed to diffuse the situation by giving very short snappy answers such as dead by saying this; he is showing that he is being honest and up-front with Laertes and giving no excuses. In Act 4, Scent 7 Laertes initial fury has calmed down, although he remains extremely confident about the task ahead. He thinks about Hamlets dirty deed and his noble father lost; he welcomes Hamlets return so that he can tell him to his teeth though didest thou. Every word he says invites comparison with Hamlet. When he arrived at the palace to challenge the king, Laertes brought with him a riotous head who cried, Laertes shall be king! He is obviously very angry, and this can be seen in the manner in which he speaks to Claudius. He calls him a vile king, dares damnation, and vows to the blackest devil! He obviously wants to make very clear his feelings on the matter of his fathers death and wants revenge. It can also be seen that he has dispelled any respect he had for Claudius. This is different from Hamlet, because although Hamlet is not overly polite to the king, he does not openly defy him as Laertes does in this scene.