H.D. or Hilda Doolittle - Imagist Poet, Translator

H.D. or Hilda Doolittle - Imagist Poet, Translator Hilda Doolittle (September 10, 1886–September 27 [or 28], 1961), also known as H.D., was a poet, author, translator, and memoirist known for her early poetry, which helped bring in the modern style of poetry and for her translations from the Greek. Early Years Hilda Doolittle was the only surviving girl in her family, with three brothers and two older half-brothers. She was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Hildas father, Charles Leander Doolittle, came from New England ancestry. At the time of Hildas birth, he was the directory of Sayre Observatory and a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Lehigh University. Her father was quite supportive of her education; he thought she could become a scientist or mathematician, but she did not take to math. She wanted to be an artist like her mother, but her father ruled out art school. Charles Leander was rather cool, detached, and uncommunicative. Hildas mother Helen was a warm personality, in contrast to Hildas father, though she favored her son, Gilbert, over the other children. Her ancestry was Moravian. Her father had been a biologist and directory of the Moravian Seminary. Helen taught painting and music to children. Hilda saw her mother as losing her own identity to support her husband. Hilda Doolittles earliest years were spent living in her mothers familys Moravian community. In about 1895, Charles Doolittle became a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a director of the Flower Observatory. Hilda attended the Gordon School, then the Friends Preparatory School. Early Writing and Loves When Hilda Doolittle was 15, she met Ezra Pound, a 16-year-old freshman at the University of Pennsylvania where her father was teaching. The next year, Pound introduced her to William Carlos Williams, then a medical student. Hilda enrolled at Bryn Mawr, a womens university, in 1904. Marianne Moore was a classmate. By 1905, Hilda Doolittle was composing poems. She continued her friendships with Pound and Williams. Despite her fathers opposition, she became engaged to Ezra Pound and the couple had to meet secretly. During her sophomore year, Hilda left school, for health reasons and her poor results in math and English. She turned to self-study of Greek and Latin, and she began writing for Philadelphia and New York papers, often submitting stories for children. Not much is known of her time between 1906 and 1911. In 1908, Ezra Pound moved to Europe. Hilda was living in New York in 1910, writing her first free verse poems. Around 1910, Hilda met and became involved with Frances Josepha Gregg, who had had an affair with Pound. Hilda found herself torn between the two. In 1911, Hilda toured Europe with Frances Gregg and Frances mother. She met there with Pound, whom she discovered was unofficially engaged to Dorothy Shakespear, making it clear to Hilda that her engagement to Pound was over. Hilda chose to remain in Europe. Her parents tried to get her to return home, but when she made clear that she was staying, they provided her with financial support. Gregg returned to America when Hilda stayed, to Hildas disappointment. In London, Doolittle moved in the literary circle of Ezra Pound. This group included such luminaries as W. B. Yeats and May Sinclair. She met Richard Aldington there, an Englishman and poet, six years younger than she was. Hilda received a letter from Gregg in 1911: Gregg had married and wanted Hilda to join her honeymoon trip to Paris. Pound convinced Hilda not to go. Gregg and Doolittle continued to write to each other occasionally until 1939. Hilda went to Paris in December of 1911 with Aldington, then to Italy with her visiting parents. Pound met her several times during these travels. She was back in London in 1912. Imagist Poet - and Chaotic Private Life At one meeting, Pound declared Hilda Doolittle to be an Imagist, and wanted her to sign her poems H.D. Imagist. She took up his insistent suggestion. She was known professionally after that as H.D. In October of 1913, H.D. and Aldington married, her parents and Ezra Pound among the guests. In 1914, Pound and Shakespears engagement became official when her father finally agreed to the marriage, which took place that year. Pound and his new wife moved into a flat in the same building as H.D. and Aldington. H.D. contributed to the 1914 publication, Des Imagistes, the first anthology of Imagist poetry. In publishing her poems in Poetry, H.D. began to have an influence on others. Amy Lowell, for instance, reacted to H.D.s published poems by declaring herself an Imagist as well. A poem first published in 1914 is often considered the prototypical Imagist poem, with spare language evoking images: OreadWhirl up, seaWhirl your pointed pines,Splash your great pineson our rockshurl your green over uscover us with your pools of fir. In 1915, H.D. published her first book of poems, Sea Garden. She also had a miscarriage that year. She blamed it on hearing about the sinking of the Lusitania. Her doctors told her to refrain from sex for the duration of the war. Richard had an affair with H.D.s friend Brigit Patmore, and then a more serious affair with Dorothy (Arabella) Yorke. Aldington enlisted to fight in World War I in 1916, hoping by enlisting to avoid being drafted. While he was away, H.D. took his place as literary editor of the Egoist, the main imagist publication. H.D. was also working on translations, and in 1916 published her translation of Choruses from Iphegenia in Aulis,, which was published by Egoist Press. Her health poor, H.D. resigned as the Egoists editor in 1917, and T.S. Eliot succeeded her in that position. D.H. Lawrence had become a friend, and one of his friends, Cecil Gray, a music historian, became involved with H.D. Then D.H. Lawrence and his wife came to stay with H.D. H.D. and Lawrence apparently came very close to having an affair, but her affair with Gray led to Lawrence and his wife leaving. Psychic Death In 1918, H.D. was devastated by the news that her brother, Gilbert, had died in action in France. Their father had a stroke when he learned of his sons death. H.D. became pregnant, apparently by Gray, and Aldington promised to be there for her and the child. The next March, H.D. received word that her father had died. She later called this month her psychic death. H.D. became seriously ill with influenza, which progressed to pneumonia. For a time, it was thought that she was going to die. Her daughter was born. Aldington forbid her using his name for the child, and left her for Dorothy Yorke. H.D. named her daughter Frances Perdita Aldington, and the daughter was known by that sad name, Perdita. Bryher The next period of her H.D.s life was relatively more calm and productive. In July of 1918, H.D. met Winifred Ellerman, a wealthy woman who became her benefactor and her lover. Ellerman had renamed herself Bryher. They went to Greece in 1920, and then to America together in 1920 and 1921. Among their stays were New York and Hollywood. While in the U.S., Bryher married Robert McAlmon, a marriage of convenience which freed Bryher from parental control. H.D. published her second book of poems in 1921, called Hymen. The poems featured many female figures from mythology as narrators, including Hymen, Demeter,  and Circe. H.D.s mother joined Bryher and H.D. on a trip to Greece in 1922, including a visit to the island of Lesbos, known as the home of the poet Sappho. The next year they went on to Egypt, where they were present at the opening of King Tuts tomb. Later that year, H.D. and Bryher moved to Switzerland, into houses near each other. H.D. found more peace for her writing. She kept her apartment in London for many years, splitting her time between homes. The next year, H.D. published Heliodora, and in 1925,  Collected Poems. The latter marked both the recognition of her work, and a kind of ending of the main phase of her poetry career. Kenneth MacPherson Through Frances Gregg, H.D. met Kenneth Macpherson. H.D. and Macpherson had an affair beginning in 1926. Bryher divorced Robert McAlmon and then married Macpherson. Some speculate that the marriage was cover to prevent Aldington from protesting the use of his name for H.D.s daughter, Perdita. Macpherson adopted Perdita in 1928, the same year H.D. had an abortion while staying in Berlin. H.D. briefly reconciled with Aldington in 1929. The three founded a film group, the Pool Group. For that group, Macpherson directed three movies; H.D. starred in them: Wing Beat in 1927, Foothills in 1928, and Borderline in 1930 (with Paul Robeson). The three also traveled together. Macpherson drifted off eventually, more interested in affairs with men. More Writing From 1927 to 1931, in addition to taking up some acting, H.D. wrote for the avant-garde cinema journal Close Up, which she, Macpherson, and Bryher founded, with Bryher financing the project. H.D. published her first novel, Palimpsest, in 1926, featuring women expatriates with careers, searching for their identity and love. In 1927, she published a prose play Hippolytus Temporizes and in 1928, both a second novel, Hedylus set in ancient Greece, and Narthax, asking whether love and art are compatible for women. In 1929 she published more poems. Psychoanalysis Bryher met Sigmund Freud in 1937 and began analysis with his disciple Hanns Sachs in 1928. H.D. began analysis with Mary Chadwick, and in 1931 through 1933, with Sachs. She was referred by him to Sigmund Freud. H.D. came to see in this psychoanalytic work a way to link myths as universal understandings of union, to mystic visions shed experienced. In 1939, she began writing Tribute to Freud about her experiences with him. War and Shadows of War Bryher became involved with rescuing refugees from the Nazis between 1923 and 1928, helping more than 100, mostly Jews, escape. H.D. also took an anti-fascist stand. Over this, she broke with Pound, who was pro-fascist, even promoting investment in Mussolinis Italy. H.D. published The Hedgehog, a childrens story, in 1936, and the next year published a translation of Ion by Euripides. She finally divorced Aldington in 1938, the year she also received the Levinson Prize for Poetry. H.D. returned to Britain when war broke out. Bryher returned after Germany invaded France. They spent the war mostly in London. In the war years, H.D. produced three volumes of poetry: The Walls Do Not Fall in 1944, Tribute to the Angels in 1945, and Flowering of the Rod in 1946. These three, a war trilogy, were reprinted in 1973 as one volume. They were not nearly as popular as her earlier work. Was H.D. a Lesbian? H.D., Hilda Doolittle, has been claimed as a lesbian poet and novelist. She was likely more accurately called a bisexual. She wrote an essay called The Wise Sappho and a number of poems with Sapphic references- at a time when Sappho was identified with lesbianism. Freud named her the perfect bi- Later Life H.D. began to have occult experiences and write more mystical poetry. Her involvement in the occult caused a split with Bryher, and after H.D. had a breakdown in 1945 and retreated to Switzerland, they lived apart though they remained in regular communication. Perdita moved to the United States, where she married in 1949 and had four children. H.D. visited America twice, in 1956 and 1960, to visit her grandchildren. H.D. renewed contact with Pound, with whom she corresponded often. H.D. published Avon River in 1949. More awards came H.D.s way in the 1950s, as her role in American poetry was recognized. In 1960, she won the poetry award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1956, H.D. broke her hip, and recovered in Switzerland. She published a collection, Selected Poems, in 1957, and in 1960 a roman a clef about life around World War I- including the end of her marriage- as Bid Me to Live. She moved to a nursing home in 1960 after her last visit to America. Still productive, she published in 1961 Helen in Egypt from the perspective of Helen as protagonist and wrote 13 poems that were published in 1972 as Hermetic Definition. She had a stroke in June of 1961 and died, still in Switzerland, on September 27. The year 2000 saw the first publication of her work, Pilates Wife, with the wife of Pontius Pilate, whom H.D. named Veronica, as protagonist.

Biological Anthropology - Bipedalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biological Anthropology - Bipedalism - Essay Example Disadvantages are that the eyes are now further from the ground, so further away from tracks being followed, or from low growing food. Also, by standing tall, the person is more likely to be seen at a distance by enemies and predators. As hominids moved out of Africa into cooler climates they were at a disadvantage as more of the body surface was exposed to colder weather. The Dikika infant was a three year old (Sloan) member of the Australopithecus afarensis group, and was found encased within Ethiopian sandstone. The baby is apelike in her upper body, but human like below the waist. She is very small, and is likely to have been carried a lot of the time. Her skull supports only the same space that a three year old chimp’s brain would, so, in evolutionary terms, bipedalism seems to have come before great brain development. Jenk describes how some argue that the ape like, tree climbing facilities exhibited in this specimen may simply be inherited, and were not necessarily used. Others say that these creatures used both humanoid bipedalism and ape like methods of locomotion. This is the skeleton of a very young child. This means that the skeleton does not exhibit the changes that would have occurred in an adult, because certain muscles were being used in preference to others. What is needed is a complete adult skeleton before a definitive answer can be arrived at with regard to the preferred method of

How public opinion and political movements are affected by social Essay

How public opinion and political movements are affected by social media in undeveloped countries - Essay Example There is additionally a feeling of correspondence despite the areas that individuals might be in, and consequently, long range informal communication destinations have made the world a significantly littler place. It is likewise feasible for people with similar interests to connect. By sharing preferences, detests, interests, diversions and so forth, individuals tend to draw nearer to each other despite the physical separation between them. From Twitter over Facebook to YouTube recordings, social media has turned out to be a standout amongst the most capable instruments for legislators and supporters in political battles. It has additionally proved to be prevalent among potential voters since they can connect with the applicant specifically and ask basic question clearly. Today, social media is active more then any other medium of technology. Any news or updates around the globe is easily and quickly available on social media. It is just because of its active participation around the globe. It is a modern technology from which the information is shared with the help of active participation and it gets spread quickly, no matter whether the information shared is genuine or fake.With interpersonal interaction destinations, political crusading adds to permeability to lawmaker's close to home and expert life.As they can record anyplace and these could be transferred at whatever time which circumvents like an illness among individuals and can be utilized for political additions.

Effect of Exercise on Depression: Literature Review

Effect of Exercise on Depression: Literature Review Depression is a disorder which will affect mood, thought and behaviour. Although the majority of the population will at some point in their lives experience low points and the ‘blues,’ depression itself is when these feelings begin to take over and affect the degree to which someone can function (Artal Sherman, 1998). The symptoms of depression can include a persistent sadness and feelings of emptiness, hopelessness and pessimism. People with depression will also often exhibit physical symptoms which can include decreased energy and fatigue, changes to sleeping and eating patterns (increased or decreased levels of) and increased experience of illness from headaches, digestive disorders and chronic pain episodes. (Depression Alliance) Anhedonia – the loss of joy from things or events that were once pleasurable, often including a reduced sex drive is also commonly reported by sufferers. As a result of the symptoms associated with depression and depressive disorders (major depression, bipolar) people can often become increasingly socially withdrawn by both reducing their contact with others, and through reducing their activities such as going out or participation in hobbies. Such withdrawal can also incur further psychological impact, whereby people begin to loose self-esteem and belief that t hey can complete activities they once had, which perpetuates to increase the depression and low mood. Major depression can have serious long term consequences – there is an increased risk of self harm and suicide, with estimates of approximately 15% of the severely depressed committing suicide (Artal Sherman, 1998). There is no one single root of depression that can explain all cases. People may experience depression due to a number of different factors; physical (developing a serious disease, impaired function of brain chemicals), environmental (uncertain housing situation, living in a neighbourhood with a high crime rate) social (inter-personal relationship difficulties or divorce, loss of a job, moving away form home) or traumatic events (bereavement, experiencing a natural disaster, domestic abuse), or even through a combination of these triggers. Depression is a clinical disorder and as a result will often need professional intervention in order to begin the road to recovery. Negative responses from others in regards to attitudes for people to ‘pull their socks up’ and ‘snap out of it’ are described by many with the condition as making the situation worse through causing distress and upset as they are unlikely to be able to do this. Treatment of depression thus usually involves professional help, through a number of available avenues for treatment types – successful recovery programmes are noted to often involve a combination of treatment methods (Lam Kennedy, 2004). Medication such as antidepressants like prozac or zoloft, and talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), counselling are tried and tested means of helping alleviate both the condition and its associated symptoms (Rethink). Existing treatments do not unfortunately work for everyone, and limitations of these existing treatments can include antidepressants which take weeks or months to have an effect or where side effects are at a level whereby compliance to the designated regimen is not adhere to; or the difficulties with which many people can have in accessing psychological therapies / talking treatments where waiting lists can be long or even where certain services are not even available in an area of residence. As a result of such factors, new ways of treating and managing psychological conditions like depression are being evaluated through research and investigation. One of these new methods is through the use of exercise, which has been increasingly suggested and supported through contemporary literature on this as an intervention. There are a number of articles which look at the link between exercise and depression and how exercise can help alleviate depression-related symptoms; and relief from the condition altogether (Halliwell, 2005; Bayak et al, 2000). Some studies report exercise treatment efficacy as being equal to medication treatments (Blumenthal et al, 1999), but a good number of published studies conclude that exercise therapy would optimise treatment within a combination therapy regime although one notable exception to this is the Babyak et al (2000) study which found the exercise group as superior in results to both the medication group, and the combination (exercise and med ication) group. Babyak et al (2000) compared experimental depression treatment groups of exercise, medication and a combination of exercise and medication. Results of this 10-month study concluded that use of a modest exercise plan (30 minutes of a 70% maximum heart rate workout 3 times per week) is an effective treatment for depressed patients who hold a positive view to such a treatment. Overall it has been suggested that 85% of people who use exercise therapy have found it helpful (Halliwell, 2005), and as a result of such studies, NICE guidelines on treatment of (mild) depression states that patients of all ages should be advised of the benefits of following a structured and supervised exercise programme for between 10 – 12 weeks (Hughes, 2005; Halliwell, 2005). The way in which exercise therapy exerts this effect on depression is suggested within the literature as through two possible routes. The first route is physiological. Physical exertion occurring through exercise is known to cause chemical reactions within the body that result in the release of endorphins (a type of hormone) to five times their resting rate. that is secreted from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream during times of pain or stress. Through blocking the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, endorphins stop pain signals being received and therefore act as the body’s own ‘natural pain killers’. This analgesic effect also extends to causing a feeling of euphoria. Endorphins thus work towards both mood-enhancing and pain relieving effects and so will work towards alleviating depressive symptoms such as headaches, whilst also boosting positive moods. In relation to depression specifically, it has also been suggested that exercise can reduce physiological responsivity of the body to stressors, which can lead to improvements in psychological well-being, and feelings towa rds ability to cope. (Steptoe, Kimbell Basford, 1998). Lastly, neuro-chemicals are also believed to be an important physiological means by which exercise improves depression. Research into the physiological components of depression has demonstrated low levels or ineffective transmission of neurotransmitters such as noreinephrine and serotonin and thus may play a role in depressive symptomology – as exercise increases the release of neurotransmitters it is believed this increased availability (which is the same effect that many antidepressants exert) is behind improved mood (Ransford, 1982) after exercise. Improvement in neurotransmitter functionality, more specifically improved serotonin availability, has also been suggested as a way in which exercise appears to help people restore normal sleep patterns, important when considering that disruption to sleep is a very common symptom experienced by people with depression. This is suggested to stem from the fact that serotonin has a role of inputting to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) where our internal body clock which regulates our circadian rhythms, is located. As serotonin as often found to be altered (decreased) in those with depression, improved availability through exercise is a way in which depressive symptoms of disturbed sleep may be helped. (Solberg, Horton Turek, 1999) The second proposed way in which exercise is believed to help depressed individuals is the psychological route. Participation in exercise can invoke positive feelings of self-belief and accomplishment, through which self-esteem can be improved the so-called Mastery hypothesis (Babyak et al, 2000) where achievement makes us feel better about ourselves. This is an important aspect as the way in which social withdrawal is so often seen in those that are depressed can negatively impact self-esteem. (MIND) Along these lines involvement in exercise activity also raises the possibility of improving social support through providing opportunity for social interactions with others, with social support renowned for its importance in recovery from depression. (MIND) One of the other more psychological explanations behind exercise and its affect on depression is the Distraction hypothesis. Quite simply, through the distraction of the physical activity we are temporarily able to shift our focus a nd thoughts away from the stressors or everyday difficulties which may be contributing to the depression and low mood. Evidence for exercise in the treatment of depression can also be supported through literature from another angle. Participation in exercise has been studied in its protective capacity against depression (Artal Sherman, 1998), with findings that individuals categorised as participating in lower levels of exercise activity were at higher risk of developing depression than individuals who had regular and high levels of physical activity (Camacho, 1991). On the back of available research such as that reviewed for this essay, the use of exercise in the treatment of medical conditions is gaining credibility within the medical professional to stem beyond treatment for purely physically based conditions such as heart disease and obesity, but as a means of helping those with psychological conditions like depression. Authors promoting use of exercise as a treatment for depression also often comment on the positive health benefits it will bring alongside amelioration of depression-related symptoms that other treatments for depression cannot bring (van de Vliet et al, 2003). Exercise itself is associated with positive health benefits including reducing body fat, lowering blood pressure, strengthening bones, and muscles and improving the body’s cardiovascular system. Exercise is therefore a potentially more positive treatment regimen as the experience it involves does not include the negative side effects which are commonly reported fr om pharmacological treatments. (Halliwell, 2005). In summary, there is a vast array of literature that supports the integration of exercise therapy within a treatment programme for a more effective and positive treatment experience for people with mild to moderate depression. The severity of the depression will influence whether exercise is a practical treatment to provide, as more severe cases are less likely to be able to adhere to such a treatment regimen (potentially as a result of more severe physical symptoms and fatigue that may stop them from any higher level of physical exertion). As a result it is found throughout the literature that for exercise therapy to be a success and exert a therapeutic benefit, individuals must have some level of positive feeling towards participating in such a programme – thus exercise therapy is recommended for mild not moderate, but not severely depressed individuals. Not only does the research in this field demonstrate the ability of exercise to alleviate both mood and physical symptoms through the body’s release of endorphins, but can aid psychological and physical recovery through improved self-esteem through mastery, and with all the physical benefits that an active lifestyle brings. Exercise on prescription is now available throughout the UK via GP’s, and so future research is thus needed into developing specific treatment programmes that will optimise both levels and types (e.g. aerobic versus mindful; Netz, 2003) of exercise, and investigating the ways that these need to be individualised (Artal Sherman, 1998) potentially by condition, patient demographic etc for the treatment and long term care of those with depression. Research by the Mental Health Foundation does suggest however that awareness amongst the general practitioner community about the capability and availability of exercise programmes for depression is low †“ only 5% of GP’s are thought to offer exercise within the 3 most common treatment options they offer to their patients. (Mental Health Foundation, 2005) so raising awareness of exercise within the medical community is also a key future action within the promotion of exercise therapy. References Artal, M. Sherman, C. (1998) ‘Exercise against depression’ The Physician and Sprots Medicine Vol. 26, 10 Babyak, M. Blumenthal, J. Herham, S. Khatri, P. Doraiswamy, M. Moore, K. Craighead, E. Baldewicz, T. Krishnan, K. (2000) ‘Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months’ Psychosomatic Medicine Vol 62 Blumenthal, J. Babyak, M. Moore, K. Craighead, W. Herman, S, Khatri, P. Waugh, R. Napolitano, M. Forman, L. Appelbaum, M. Doraiswamy, P. Krishnan, K. (1999) ‘Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression’ Arch Intern Med Vol. 159, 19 Camacho, T. (1991) ‘Physical activity and depression: Evidence from the Alameda County Study’ American Journal of Epdemiology Vol 134, 2 Halliwell, E. (2005) ‘Reflections.. on exercise and depression’ Healthcare Counselling Psychotherapy Journal Vol. 5, 3 Hughes, I. (2005) ‘NICE in practice: some thoughts on delivering the new guideline on depression’ Healthcare Counselling Psychotherapy Journal Vol. 5, 2 Lam, R. Kennedy, S. (2004) ‘Evidence-base strategies for achieving and sustaining full remission in depression: Focus on Meta-analyses’ Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 49 supplement 1 Mental Health Foundation (2005) ‘Up and running: exercise therapy and the treatment of mild or moderate depression in primary care’ London Mental Health Foundation Ransford, C (1982) ‘A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise’ Medical Science in Sports Vol. 1, 10 Solberg, L. Horton, T. Turek, F. (1999) ‘Circadian rhythms and depression:effects of exercise in an animal model’ Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol Vol. 276 Steptoe, A. Kimbell, J. Basford, P. (1998) ‘Exercise and the experience and appraisal of daily stressors: a naturalistic study’ Journal of Behavioural Medicine Vol. 21, 4 Netz, Y. (2003) ‘Mood alterations in mindful versus aerobic exercise modes’ The Journal of Psychology Vol. 137, 5 Van de Vliet, P. Onghena, P. Knapen, J. Fox, K. Probst, M. van Coppenolle, H. Pieters, G. (2003) ‘Assessing the additional impact of fitness training in depressed psychiatric patients receiving multifaceted treatment: a replicated single-subject design’ Disability and Rehabilitation Vol. 25, 24 INTERNET RESOURCES www.depressionalliance.org www.mind.org.uk www.rethink.org

Alcohol and Energy Drinks- A literature review Essay

?In recent years, researchers have begun to focus attention on an emerging trend of consuming energy drink mixed with alcohol AmED. Consumption of AmED is thought to have a correlation with high-risk behavior and negative effects on the consumer. Several research articles have examined the various facets of this practice. Some of the points of consideration that have been researched include the motivations behind consuming AmED, the effects of consuming AmED on alcohol consumption and the likelihood of engaging in risk taking behaviors after consuming AmED compared to alcohol alone. This literature review will examine the following four articles in an attempt to explore this area of research. Energy drinks are beverages that boast the ability to provide the consumer with an increase in energy. Energy drinks frequently contain large amounts of caffeine. The upper daily recommended limits for an adult in regards to caffeine is XXX. Levels of caffeine can be up to 300mg per serving. A 6oz coffee contains 100mg. The caffeine from energy drinks is known to have a stimulating effect on the nervous system. Many brands of energy drinks contain additional chemicals including plant-based stimulants (guarana and yerba mate). The effect of these on the body is not well understood as there has been little research. Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are also found in some energy drinks. Other potential ingredients include glucronolacteone (a naturally occurring metabolite), amino acids (taurine, carnitine and creatine), herbs (Ginko Biloba and ginseng) and vitamins. In a research paper by Peacock and Bruno (2012a), patterns of use and motivations behind the consumption of AmED were examined. The focus of this investigation was to examine the motivation of participants to consume AmED through self-reporting techniques in the form of an online questionnaire. The sample of 400 participants aged 18-35 years who had reportedly consumed AmED in the past 6 months. The results of the study indicated that 75% of participants used AmED for energetic purposes, 50% reporting use to extend their stay at a public venue, 60% claimed they were motivated by situational circumstances, such as mixed drinks containing ED, 40% reported sharing AmED with a companion, 20% used AmED to mask the flavor of alcohol, 50% of the sample reported using AmED to have more fun and only 33% reported consuming AmED to get more drunk Peacock al et (2012a). In addition to taste and situational reasons, the participants in this study appeared to be motivated by functional and hedonistic outcomes. Only a small number of participants being motivated by the desire to increase the level of drunkenness or experience similar effects to elicit drugs. A study conducted by O’Brian, McCoy, Rohdes, Wagoner and Wolfson (2008), where by responses from 4,271were recorded via a web based survey. Participants who consumed AmED in the past 30 days reported consuming significantly more alcohol in a typical drinking session as well as reporting more drinking sessions than those who did not consume AmED O’Brian et al. (2008). AmEd consumers also reported episodes of weekly drunkenness and among the sample who reported consuming AmED a single drinking session consumed 36% more than students who didn’t not report consumption of AmEd. The results of Peacock et al. (2012b) indicate that although risk taking behaviors occurred during sessions of consumption of both alcohol and risk taking behavior that occurred with AmED was statistically less than the risk taking behaviors that occurred in alcohol alone sessions. However consumption of AmEd did result in higher negative physiological and psychological outcomes than those reported from consuming alcohol. Verster, Aufricht and Alford (2012), conducted a review of articles of articles relating to the consumption of AmED. It was revealed through a critique of multiple correlational studies that there are currently insufficient properly controlled studies to draw any firm conclusions regarding the effects of AmED. Conclusions reached in their report were that only a minority of the student population occasionally consumes AmED Vester (2012). Research also suggested some evidence that AmED may result in an increase in some aspects of alcohol- induced performance impairment. There is no consistent evidence that alcohol alters perceived levels of intoxication, no evidence that consumption of ED causes an increase in alcohol consumption, no direct evidence exists to suggest that ED is linked to drug and alcohol dependence or abuse. A personality predisposed to higher levels of risk taking behavior may be the primary reason for increasing alcohol and drug abuse and that AmED may be a component of that lifestyle. The literature available relating to AmED consumption is insufficient. Presently there is an insufficient amount of evidence to link the consumption of AmED to an increase in risk taking behavior, increase in consumption of alcohol or negative effects on health. To understand the true effects of AmED further research is required. To draw more concrete conclusions about the effect of AmED there is a need for more complex and properly controlled clinical studies need to be undertaken. Research design needs to explore relationships with a within subject design whereby the relationship between the ingestion of AmED and the consumption of alcohol is further explored and documented.

The Pros And Cons Of Paper Mediums - 1358 Words

Forty-four states and the District of Columbia had already had plans to design new tests for the 2014-2015 school year by sharing $330 million in attempt to create new online end of year and semester tests that would replace paper tests which had been used until that point. Now looking upon the 2017-2018 school year, the majority of those states have already converted to the newly created online tests, but many believe that they should have continued using the paper testing. Studies are beginning to show that reading comprehension varies drastically between the traditional paper compared to their digital mediums. Electronic mediums negatively impact a reader’s reading comprehension level when compared to paper mediums as seen through note†¦show more content†¦In addition to note taking strategies through different medias affecting an individuals reading comprehension level but early development of letters and shapes through different medias has an effect as well. To develop reading comprehension many are taught at an early age to read and write basic letters and shapes. In a 2012 study conducted by Indiana University, psychologist Karin James tested a five year old children, who was not yet able to efficiently read or write, by asking them to reproduce a letter or shape in three different ways: drawn onto a blank sheet, traced over a dotted line, or typed on a computer. Results of the three test concluded through a MRI scan that was conducted while the tests occurred, that only while the children were drawing freehand that activation across the brain associated in adults with reading and writing occurred. Therefore in the development of a child’s reading comprehension freehand drawing is proven to aid in development greater than typing and tracing over dotted lines, which are both common ways in modern times used to teach children reading and writing. Using a digital media when developing a young child’s reading comprehension skil ls will then be less effective in the development as well asShow MoreRelatedThe Evolving Digital Steganography Methods Through Ages927 Words   |  4 Pagesvideo file. It has been in use since ancient times. The distinguishing factors in the steganography techniques used back then and at present, is the medium to carry the secret data and the various algorithms which have been designed for it. We intend to uncover the pros and cons of these various steganography techniques, which use different mediums to carry the secret data. Scope: The project will consist of studying the different types of steganography methods. The different media used to carryRead MoreEssay about Is Wikipedia a Reliable Source1226 Words   |  5 PagesIs Wikipedia A Reliable Source In this paper I will be discussing the debate between pro Wikipedia’s Dwight Reed, and Rachel R. 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Holes Book Vs. Movie Essay - 794 Words

5 Paragraph Essay 1st Paragraph – Introduction paragraph. Last sentence of this paragraph is your thesis statement. 2nd Paragraph – This paragraph defends the first point of your thesis statement. 3rd Paragraph – This paragraph defends the second point of your thesis statement. 4th Paragraph – This paragraph defends the third point of your thesis statement 5th Paragraph – Conclusion paragraph. This paragraph concludes and wraps up your paper and sometimes restates your thesis statement. Thesis Statement: In this sentence you state the three things you are going to be discussing in your essay. These are examples of what a thesis statement should look like: The three major differences between the book The Outsiders†¦show more content†¦He happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. He is found guilty and sentenced to spend time at a boy’s detention camp. In both the movie and the book the camp is portrayed in the same way. The camp is out in the middle of what used to be a lake but is now a desert. The camp has no walls. All the rules Stanley and the other inmates have to follow are the same in both the movie and book. The people in charge at the camp are also the same in both book and movie version of this story. At camp, the other boys in both the book and movie version of the story give Stanley a hard time. This is an evident similarity between the book and movie. The people that are in charge of the boys in the detention camp are not the nicest of people and they are very strict with the boys. They also make the boys dig a big hole ever yday they are at the detention camp in both versions of the story. Another way the boys are treated the same in both the book and movie is in the end when the camp boss wants to leave Zero and Stanley out in the desert and not report they are missing. In both versions the boys run away and the boss does not want to do the right thing and report they are gone. The third major similarity I noticed between the book and movie version of Holes was at the end of the book when Stanley and Zero found the buried treasure. In the book it was in the last place the boys dug holes. This was the sameShow MoreRelated The Pit And The Pendulum: Movie Vs. Book Essay577 Words   |  3 Pages The Pit and the Pendulum: Movie vs. Book The movie quot;The pit and the Pendulumquot; was nothing at all like the book. The movie started out as a man walked along the ocean to enter a huge castle. His sister had moved there when she married Dom Madena, but now she was dead. The castle was used to torture Catholics during the Inquisition. Dom Madena believes that the castle has an atmosphere of torture thick with death, and that led to the death of his sister. 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