Federal Budget for 2001 Free Essays

This country has been dealing with a budget deficit for many years now. In an attempt to change this, on June 29, Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7-year plan to balance the Federal Budget by the year 2001. This would be done by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7-year tax cut of $245 billion. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Budget for 2001 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If this plan were implemented, in the year 2002, the U. S. Government would have the first balanced budget since 1969. Current budget plans are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc. and include minor loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreement that has failed was too loose. One might remember the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, but left too many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990. So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote, and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton rejected the very bill he demanded. This essentially brought the federal budget back to square one. Clinton thought such a demand on Republicans to produce a budget would produce inner-party quarrels and cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a fiscal budget that passed both houses of Congress, only to be deadlocked by a stubborn Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced back with a CBO scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politically sensitive areas like entitlements. Clinton†s plan also saved dollars for education and did not include a tax increase, but most cuts would not take effect until he is out of office, in the year 2001. Although Clinton is sometimes criticized for producing a stalemate in budget talks, the White House points out that the debt has gone down since Clinton took office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans are quick to state that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cut defense programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budget without deficit reduction. As of 1996, the national debt was at an all time high of $5 trillion dollars, with interest running at a whopping $250 billion per year. This equals out to an individual responsibility of more than $50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt has accumulated since 1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by 500%. Currently, the debt grows by more than $10,000 per second, and at current rates, our government is about to reach its breaking point. If that†s not enough to scare a taxpayer, by 2002, 60% of government spending will be for entitlements, and by 2012, these programs are projected to take up all government revenue. Not only economic development, but also family income is hurt by debt. With the cost of living going up, it becomes harder to find a job. According to the Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in 1973 and have gone down ever since. If the economy grew as fast as it did in 1950, without a debt, the median family income would be $50,000, compared to the present median of $35,000. As of current fiscal year†s budget, the United States government spends $1. 64 trillion yearly, $500 billion of that, or 1/3 of the total, is for discretionary spending. This discretionary spending is the target for most cuts, and seems to be the easiest to make cuts in. Overall, the difference between the two parties’ budget plans is only $400 billion. This could easily be trimmed by eliminating tax cut and adjusting the consumer price index to reality. Democrats say the GOP plan is too lopsided, and Republicans criticize the Democrat plan for being unrealistic. A study by the Urban Institute shows GOP cuts will be felt mainly by the bottom 1/5 of U. S. population. This should be more equally spread out across income brackets. By fulfilling campaign promises made by freshman Republican Congressmen to cut government spending, the GOP managed to pass a $1. 6 trillion budget resolution by a party-line vote, in both houses of Congress. This budget called for major cuts in education, environmental programs, discretionary spending, and the largest of all: entitlements. 70% of the money to balance the budget under the GOP plan would have come from entitlements. This is because entitlement programs currently take up $301 billion a year. Such cuts had already been partially implemented with the GOP cutting overall spending by 9. 1% in 1996 alone. First, in an attempt to stop the projected bankruptcy of Medicare in 2002, Republicans cut $270 billion overall from the program, with hospital reimbursement cuts being the deepest. Although stabilizing the fund is only expected to cost $130-$150 billion over 7 years, the GOP budget would reform the program to run better, and cheaper, by allowing it to grow at 6% yearly, instead of the current 10%. While both parties agree on premium hikes for beneficiaries, this is a touchy subject for the 38. 1 million elderly voters on Medicare. Medicaid, another volatile program, would be cut $182 billion under the GOP proposal. This would entail placing a cap on the program†s spending, and passing control of it to the individual state governments. For an estimated 39 million low-income people on Medicaid in 1996, the GOP plan cuts the program far more than Clinton†s proposed $98 billion cut. Social Security is another program being cut. The government has already reduced the outlay for seniors 70 and younger who are on the program, but Republicans want more by increasing the eligibility for Social Security from 62 to 65 for early retirement, and 65 to 70 for standard retirement. Smaller cuts included $11 billion in student loan reductions, $9. 3 billion in labor cuts, $10 billion eliminated from public housing programs, and several other numerous disaster relief programs cut. The GOP also wants to eliminate programs initiated by Clinton like the National Service initiative, summer jobs, Goals 2000, and Americorps. Along with terminating unnecessary farm programs, and cutting others by $12. 3 billion. Republicans hope to cut the yearly $6 billion that the Federal Government spends on direct subsidies to farmers. Agricultural policies were also reformed and embedded into budget-reconciliation bills. Clinton†s budget only surfaced after he vetoed the budget passed by Congress, and included shallower cuts, with little or no reform to entitlements. This plan was supported by most Democrats and was used as an alternate to a gutsy GOP budget. Clinton repeatedly trashed the Republican†s efforts to make cuts on programs he feels important like student loans, agricultural programs, and entitlements. He accused Republicans of wanting to kill some all together. He has also threatened to veto a Republican plan to reform Medicare called Medical Savings Accounts, unless his programs are left intact. Under Federal law, the President is required to submit budget requests in 2 forms: Budget Authority, the amount of new federal commitments for each fiscal year, and outlays, the amount actually spent in the fiscal year. The plan that Clinton has presented is not only a budget resolution in the form of a campaign document, but also proof of how far the Republicans have moved him to compromise since the they took control of Congress. Most important, it does not readily translate into regular accounting principles used for government programming. This year†s White House budget was a 2,196 page document that the GOP struck down immediately for not cutting taxes enough and neglecting to downsize the government. Among largest cuts within Clinton†s plan was the downsizing of 1/5 to 1/3 of all programs that he felt were not a priority to present day government. In addition, he wanted to close loopholes presented to corporate taxation, that would save an estimated $28 billion. He vowed to keep programs like education, crime prevention, and research or environmental grants. Attention was also placed on discretionary spending, with Clinton cutting a smaller $297 billion compared to GOP†s $394 billion cut. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the President†s plan cuts middle-income taxes by $107. 5 billion in 7 years, small business by $7 billion, and cuts $3. 4 billion from distressed urban and rural area relief. This was to be paid for by a $54. billion hike in corporate and wealthy-income taxes, and also in $2. 3 billion of tighter EITC (Earned Income Tax credit) adjustments. Although Clinton†s plan was expected to cut a whopping $593 billion in 7 years to furthermore produce an $8 billion surplus in 2002, most cuts are long term without a clear goal. Republicans sometimes criticize Clinton for unwillingness to compromise. He has used vetoes and stubborn negotiations to protect personal priorities like education, job training, and environmental programs, but Republicans have also tried using domination to force him to comply. One must remember that President Clinton does have somewhat of an overwhelming power in this debate that Republicans can do nothing about. He is the single person that can veto laws sent to him, and also has the power to call Congress back into session if he is unhappy with the current situation. This was President Truman†s â€Å"ace in the hole† back in 1948. One of the ways we are currently reducing the deficit includes the introduction of â€Å"means testing. † This means that people would get entitlements based on need. The government already has reduced Social Security for modest income seniors’ age 70 and younger, but budget cutters want to broaden that idea. There are 2 major problems with means testing. First, it is considered inherently unfair. Some might argue that a person might blow all of their income before the entitlement reductions come into place. Second, it might reduce the incentive to work and encourage people to hide their income. For instance, beneficiaries of Social Security, ages 62-64, lose $1. 00 yearly in benefits for every $2. 00 they earn in income or wages above $8,160 per year. Some say increasing eligibility requirements would solve some problems, and propose raising the age of early retirement from 62 to 65, and standard retirement from 65 to 70. Another touchy subject in budget reduction is the argument that the poor are being left out of savings. According to the Clinton Administration, the GOP budget would cause a family with income of $13,325 per year to lose 11% of their income. United States Treasury Department studies say the bottom 1/5 income families would have net tax increase of an average $12 to $26 under the GOP plan. The top 1/5 income families would receive more than 60% of the tax relief. A HHS analysis states that the GOP plan would also boost child poverty rates from 14. 5% to 16. 1%, and poor families with children would loose 6% of their income. In the end, budget reduction is no easy task. The center of attention for debate on budget cutting is politics, and whoever takes responsibility for reform gets left wide open to criticism. Although Congress and Clinton have spent the past year on debating the budget and the size of the Federal Government, most plans fall back on gimmicks, loopholes, and long-term plans. Even Democrats now agree to downsize the government, but the two parties disagree on how and where. As we trust our elected officials to make decisions in Washington on our behalf, we must show interest and aptitude on the end results. Countries like Sweden and Canada have successfully reformed fiscal policies. Sweden†s government elected to abandon welfare, pensions, health insurance, unemployment programs, family assistance, and child allowances. Their deficit soon fell by 3. 5% of GDP in one year alone. Sweden†s plan was three times as intense as Congress† current plan, while cutting spending in half the time. As for cuts, everyone must suffer. Older Americans have good reason to protect programs that they have paid into for years, but those programs spend an overall per capita amount of 11 times as much on elderly than that spent on children altogether. The youth are the future of America, and we should protect them too. Currently, poverty in US is 3 times as likely to affect the very young than the very old. By balancing the budget, â€Å"interest rates come down, the economy picks up – we will rebound,† says Representative James Greenwood, and everyone should be happy with that. How to cite Federal Budget for 2001, Essay examples

TyDaesha Fezzia Essays (365 words) - Epistemology,

TyDaesha Fezzia AP Government and Politics 01/15/2017 Empirical or Normative Assignment The first passage is based on empirical evidence of the " important events of ethnic conflict in Eastern Europe, from the 1905 Russian Revolution." Being that the book is trying to obtain and " identify the motivations of individual perpetrators of ethnic violence". In the book "Justice and the Politics of difference" it shows a normative approach identifying the demands of group-based social movements. It's also implying the norm or standard of commodity. The econo mic theories and justice of implicit activists is mentioned throughout the book. In this book it shows the empirical evidence of farmland and documented conditions by William Durham. The statistical reasoning in this book examines over incentives of researched studies on the Civil War and citizenship. Elisabeth Jean Wood flourishes the initial time periods on how political and economic interest are grasp with experiments. The actuality of this book examines into the depth of a pathos feel f o r t h e " A m e r i c a n N e g r o h i s t o r y " . I t g o e s i n t o a perspective on how people of color should have felt during this time. It peeks into a normative verge on how spiritual standards and strife can make a race feel "ashamed." This book shows the research on a empirical observation and theory that may or may not be used when required. The political theory tests individuals with the scru tiny of sparking ethnic violence. He trials through concerns with statistical evidence to support his answer. I would argue that it would be both empirical and normativ e . B eing that it states f a c t s a n d e m o t i o n a l a p p e a l s o f t he dispensations of India's daily threats to religious rights. The focus on India seeks just how ineffable a target can disturbed a country. She states it is " not from a clash between civilizations, but from a clash within each of us."

Why Everybody Is Talking About Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph

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Tips For Writing a Strong and Effective Thesis Statement

Tips For Writing a Strong and Effective Thesis StatementWhen writing a thesis statement, it is important to outline and highlight all of the major points of your essay. While this document is very important for both the undergraduate and graduate student, it is important to use this document as much as possible in order to fully realize the benefits of the process. It is extremely important to state a strong and effective thesis statement and it will ensure that you are able to effectively communicate your overall message to the student.Theses are one of the most important documents for an undergraduate student. Theses allow the student to carefully develop a well-rounded skill set as well as build on the basic skills necessary for success. Theses are typically very long, drawn out and complex documents that include numerous sections which outline the topics, characteristics, and importance of the student's work.Thesis statements should be developed in a very thorough manner in order to truly bring about the realization of your academic goals. A successful and clear thesis statement can encourage students to feel as though they have understood the key principles in which they must focus upon in order to succeed in their career. Thesis statements will establish the standards and expectations of the student when it comes to class discussions, assignments, examinations, projects, and paper presentations.Theses should also provide the student with an opportunity to show the course instructor their understanding of the course material. Theses are extremely important in making sure that the student has gone over every detail of the material. This allows the student to focus their attention on the areas of the course which they need to focus on.Theses also provide an opportunity for the student to come up with their own thoughts on the topic of the course. This can be an exciting part of the process in which the student can write their own thoughts about the topic in order to create a personal statement. In addition, the student can also read their personal statement aloud in front of the class in order to have it read by the entire class.Essays can be one of the most satisfying aspects of writing a thesis. However, it is imperative that students understand the importance of developing a strong and effective thesis statement. If the student doesn't take the time to carefully plan and outline their thesis, they will often spend weeks and months writing a single one of these documents.There are many ways in which students can begin to think about the topic of their thesis and the types of statements that they can write. They can start by analyzing their academic goals and determine what their weaknesses are when it comes to writing academic papers. Then they can look at their strengths and decide what they would like to include in their thesis statement.Finally, theses are used to give the student the opportunity to give a written response to the questions posed by their instructors. Theses are a wonderful tool for the student to showcase their personality and express their thoughts about the topic in a clear and easy to understand manner. A good theses should include the topic of the ess, the major points of the paper, and the author's purpose for writing the paper.

What Do You Need to Do?

What Do You Need to Do?To start an outline for a research paper is something that you should be aware of and probably have in mind. This is important because there are a lot of things that you can do to make your outline good.The first thing you should think about is the format of the paper. You can use outlines for research paper in many different formats, such as books, articles, dissertations, projects, and manuals. The format will depend on the requirements of the kind of paper that you have written.The next thing you should consider is the type of work that you have to do. Some people write books, while others write dissertations and projects. Whatever you have to do, make sure that it is effective so that it can be utilized by others.The outline for a research paper should tell you how you should start and what should be done. You need to think about what you will write about and how you can present the information so that it can be useful to other people.The outline for a rese arch paper is also important because it can help you organize the things that you have to do and the things that you will write. There is some information that you can use as well, but you should not use this information too much. When you get a head start with your research paper, it is easier to get an idea of the research that you are going to do.Since you are going to be writing an outline for a research paper, you need to think about the things that are going to be in the conclusion of the paper. You have to think about the introduction, the summary, the conclusion, and the conclusions.An outline for a research paper is also important because it allows you to see what you have to do. You have to know what you have to do before you start writing the paper. Writing an outline for a research paper will allow you to know how you will proceed and to know what you have to do.

Writing An Essay On Both Sides

Writing An Essay On Both SidesTwo sided essay topics are great when it comes to writing your essay. There are lots of different types of two sided essay topics that you can use, but there are some that may be better for you than others. You need to find out which ones are the best ones for you, and if possible, try to find a free sample two sided essay topic from somewhere.Before I say more about this, I want to stress that you need to use your own information. I do not know what the requirements are for writing on both sides, but if you do not use your own information, then you will have a hard time trying to write something for both sides. If you try this, you may be looking at a time that is taken away from other areas of your life. That is just a fact of life.When you are trying to write an essay on two sided topics, it will help if you write on one side first. Then go back and continue on the other side. This will make it easier for you to write the other part of the essay.Two s ided essay topics will help you find out what kind of information you need to bring to the table. You will also be able to write more smoothly. It is also great because it allows you to do two things at once. This will help to keep you from becoming bored when you read or think about the material you are writing.The first place you should look to find these samples are online. The best places to look to get some free sample topics are the newsgroups on the internet. You should find many different places where you can get free sample topics.You may want to consider looking at them and seeing if you want to change the original topic or if you want to stay with the original topic. You will be amazed at how easy it is to do this. You will find that you can quickly get a new idea for the essay and then begin to write it from there.Do not feel like you are being restricted to a very little and informative one. Some topics will not require this, but there are plenty of good ones out there. It will not take a long time to get more ideas and material for your essay.If you are trying to find essay topics for two sides, try to find some samples two sided essay topics that you can use. Also, try to get some free samples and then begin to work from there. By keeping that in mind, you will find the best ones for you.

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Name: Marva Dyer Date: June 3, 2008 Class: PHI1103 Word Count: 1225 Topic: Physician Assisted Suicide 1. Introduction and Thesis Chronic and life-limiting illness can also make a person feel like they have lost all control of their lives. The body isn’t doing what it should and there’s no way to stop it. Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) may feel like a way to regain some of that control. If they can’t control the illness, they can at least control how they die. Quality of life is the driving force behind patients seeking PAS. Usually clients feel loss of autonomy, or not being able to care for themselves and make ones own decisions. Directly following are the loss of one's dignity and the loss of being able to participate in enjoyable activities. It goes without saying that physical suffering greatly diminishes quality of life as well. For those who are suffering in their final days of life, death can be a welcome event. They may feel that it will permanently relieve their suffering and alleviate the burden on their loved ones. Physician-assisted suicide may seem like the best option for them and their families. Therefore this paper argues that PAS is right only in the case of the terminal ill to alleviate further suffering, loss of autonomy and dignity. In so doing we can provide a way to be merciful to the dying without branding those who show mercy as criminals. 2. Arguments and Explanation Reason 1: Consider a person with an incurable illness or severe debility such that life has become so racked with pain or so burdensome that desirable, meaningful, purposeful existence has ceased. Suppose that person says, "My life is no longer worth living; I cannot stand it any longer; I want to end it now to avoid further pain, indignity, torment, and despair." In the end after all alternatives have been thoroughly considered, I believe this person has the right to make a choice to die and that it ought to be honored. We would want to urge consultation with physicians, clergy, lawyers, therapists, family, and others so that such a serious and irreversible decision can be made after sufficient time has passed and every alternative thoroughly weighed. We have obligations to others and should take their needs into account. The state has an interest in protecting life. But, in the end, individuals should be given the opportunity to deciding when life has become an unendurable hardship . This doesn’t mean â€Å"I want to end it† because my bills are due and the loan shark is looking for me. According to an article by USA Today (1998-JUL-6) physician assisted suicide is permitted in Oregon under very tightly controlled conditions and specifically criminalized in the remaining states. The Death with Dignity law went into effect in Oregon in 1997. It allows some terminally-ill patients to request assistance in committing suicide. Reason 2: There’s an increase in healthcare cost when individuals are diagnosed and treated with an terminal illness. Most don’t have health insurance and don’t want to be a burden to their family members or the government. 127.805 s.2.01. Who may initiate a written request for medication? (1) An adult who is capable, is a resident of Oregon, and has been determined by the attending physician and consulting physician to be suffering from a terminal disease, and who has voluntarily expressed his or her wish to die, may make a written request for medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner in accordance with ORS 127.800 to 127.897. 127.835 s.3.05. Family notification. The attending physician shall recommend that the patient notify the next of kin of his or her request for medication pursuant to ORS 127.800 to 127.897. A patient who declines or is unable to notify next of kin shall not have his or her request denied for that reason. 127.850 s.3.08. Waiting periods. No less than fifteen (15) days shall elapse between the patient's initial oral